{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T20:28:21Z","timestamp":1785184101081,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AbbVie"},{"name":"Almirall"},{"name":"Amgen"},{"name":"Biogen"},{"name":"BMS"},{"name":"Celgene"},{"name":"Hexal"},{"name":"Janssen-Cilag"},{"name":"LEO Pharma"},{"name":"Eli Lilly"},{"name":"Medac"},{"name":"Novartis"},{"name":"Pfizer"},{"name":"UCB"},{"name":"Viatris"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Patients with psoriasis under systemic treatments are in focus regarding their susceptibility to respiratory infections. To analyse real-world data for respiratory infections in patients with psoriasis under systemic treatments. Methods: We analysed data of the prospective, non-interventional German Psoriasis Registry PsoBest and compared rates for respiratory infections of 13,823 patients on systemic treatments for psoriasis and\/or psoriatic arthritis in different therapy cohorts before the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: In total, 1415 respiratory infections were observed in 970 patients. Significant differences were observed between biologics and non-biologics, but not within these groups. The highest event rates (events\/100 patient years) were identified for TNF-\u03b1 inhibitors, 8.1, (CI 7.4\u20138.9), followed by 7.0 for IL-17 inhibitors (6.2\u20137.9), 5.7 for IL-12\/23 and IL-23 inhibitors (5.1\u20136.5), 4.8 for methotrexate (4.3\u20135.4), 3.7 for small molecules (3.3\u20134.2), and 2.7 for retinoids (1.2\u20135.1). Conclusions: Overall, the susceptibility for respiratory infections in patients under systemic therapy for psoriasis is low compared to published study data and is sufficient as comparative data for COVID-19 studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13133713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T09:29:33Z","timestamp":1719394173000},"page":"3713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Basic Susceptibility of Patients with Psoriasis under Systemic Therapy for Respiratory Infections: Data from the German Psoriasis Registry PsoBest"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6127-3692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brigitte","family":"Stephan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan Jeff","family":"Rustenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nesrine","family":"Ben-Anaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Augustin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1225-7124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolf-Henning","family":"Boehncke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hertl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Mrowietz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Staubach-Renz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8513-550X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diamant","family":"Tha\u00e7i","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Center for Inflammation Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus L\u00fcbeck, 23562 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5004-0982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralph","family":"von Kiedrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatological Practice, 56242 Selters, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Sorbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.09.001","article-title":"National Psoriasis Foundation COVID-19 Task Force Guidance for Management of Psoriatic Disease During the Pandemic: Version 1","volume":"83","author":"Gelfand","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19158","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with chronic plaque psoriasis being treated with biological therapy: The Northern Italy experience","volume":"183","author":"Gisondi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.031","article-title":"Should biologics for psoriasis be interrupted in the era of COVID-19?","volume":"82","author":"Lebwohl","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Augustin, M., Reich, K., and Mrowietz, U. (2022, December 21). Verfahrensweise bei der Systemtherapie von Patienten mit Psoriasis W\u00e4hrend der Pandemischen Phase von SARS-CoV-2 (Coronavirus). Letter of Recommendations. Available online: https:\/\/www.bvdd.de\/aktuelles-presse\/newsroom\/alle-nachrichten\/details\/empfehlungen-zu-systemtherapien-bei-schuppenflechte\/."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-019-02905-1","article-title":"Impfen bei Immundefizienz: Anwendungshinweise zu den von der St\u00e4ndigen Impfkommission empfohlenen Impfungen. (IV) Impfen bei Autoimmunkrankheiten, bei anderen chronisch-entz\u00fcndlichen Erkrankungen und unter immunmodulatorischer Therapie","volume":"62","author":"Wagner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correa-Agudelo, E., Mersha, T.B., Branscum, A.J., MacKinnon, N.J., and Cuadros, D.F. (2021). Identification of Vulnerable Populations and Areas at Higher Risk of COVID-19-Related Mortality during the Early Stage of the Epidemic in the United States. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18084021"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2022, December 21). High-Risk Groups for COVID-19. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/covid-19\/high-risk-groups."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Kamps, B.S., Camp, R., and Hoffmann, C. (2022, December 21). COVID Reference. Available online: https:\/\/amedeo.com\/CovidReference06.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2022, December 21). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Situation Report\u201371. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/situation-reports\/20200331-sitrep-71-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=4360e92b_8."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2521-4","article-title":"Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY","volume":"584","author":"Williamson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.0994","article-title":"Risk Factors Associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China","volume":"180","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s15011-021-4487-4","article-title":"Corona-Impfstoffe geeignet bei immunmodulierender Therapie","volume":"69","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dtsch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"National Psoriasis Foundation (2022, December 21). COVID-19 Task Force Guidance Statements. Available online: https:\/\/www.psoriasis.org\/covid-19-task-force-guidance-statements\/."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Robert-Koch-Institut (2022, December 21). COVID-19-Impfempfehlung. Available online: https:\/\/www.rki.de\/SharedDocs\/FAQ\/COVID-Impfen\/FAQ_Liste_STIKO_Empfehlungen.html."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"212","article-title":"Impfantwort gegen SARS-CoV-2 unter immunmodulierenden Systemtherapien in der Dermatologie","volume":"20","author":"Didona","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"853","article-title":"Autoimmunerkrankungen der Haut und SARS-CoV-2-Impfung\u2014Eine Metaanalyse","volume":"21","author":"Hinterseher","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"815","article-title":"COVID-19 und Auswirkungen auf dermatologische und allergologische Erkrankungen","volume":"18","author":"Buhl","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.14169_g","article-title":"COVID-19 und Immunregulation\u2013von grundlegenden und translationalen Aspekten zu klinischen Implikationen","volume":"18","author":"Schon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Tagesschau (2022, December 21). Erster Coronavirus-Fall in Deutschland. Available online: https:\/\/www.tagesschau.de\/inland\/coronavirus-deutschland-erster-fall-101.html."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"ZDF News (2022, December 21). Erster Corona-Fall in Deutschland. Available online: https:\/\/www.zdf.de\/nachrichten\/heute-in-deutschland\/erster-corona-fall-in-deutschland-100.html."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (2022, December 21). ICH Topic E 2 A. Clinical Safety Data Management: Definitions and Standards for Expedited Reporting. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/scientific-guideline\/international-conference-harmonisation-technical-requirements-registration-pharmaceuticals-human-use_en-15.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-015-1593-8","article-title":"Drug safety of systemic treatments for psoriasis: Results from The German Psoriasis Registry PsoBest","volume":"307","author":"Reich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"934","article-title":"Deutsche S3-Leitlinie zur Therapie der Psoriasis vulgaris, adaptiert von EuroGuiDerm\u2014Teil 1: Therapieziele und Therapieempfehlungen","volume":"19","author":"Nast","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.09.011","article-title":"Long-term Systemic Corticosteroid Exposure: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"39","author":"Rice","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1971.04000130035004","article-title":"Methotrexate for psoriasis. A new therapeutic schedule","volume":"103","author":"Weinstein","year":"1971","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14816","article-title":"British Association of Dermatologists\u2019 guidelines for the safe and effective prescribing of methotrexate for skin disease 2016","volume":"175","author":"Warren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32127-4","article-title":"An intensified dosing schedule of subcutaneous methotrexate in patients with moderate to severe plaque-type psoriasis (METOP): A 52 week, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"389","author":"Warren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-019-01945-6","article-title":"Effectiveness of methotrexate in moderate to severe psoriasis patients: Real-world registry data from the Swiss Dermatology Network for Targeted Therapies (SDNTT)","volume":"311","author":"Drach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.08.034","article-title":"Infections in Moderate to Severe Psoriasis Patients Treated with Biological Drugs Compared to Classic Systemic Drugs: Findings from the BIOBADADERM Registry","volume":"137","author":"Dauden","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-3369","article-title":"Adverse Effects of Low-Dose Methotrexate: A Randomized Trial","volume":"172","author":"Solomon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"European Medicine Agency (2023, January 03). Annex II. Scientific Conclusions and Grounds for the Variation to the Terms of the Marketing Authorisation. EMEA\/H\/A-30\/1300, EMEA\/H\/A-30\/1320. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/referral\/sandimmun-article-30-referral-annex-ii_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.17587","article-title":"British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for the safe and effective prescribing of oral ciclosporin in dermatology 2018","volume":"180","author":"Exton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0366-077X.2004.05949.x","article-title":"Ciclosporin in psoriasis clinical practice: An international consensus statement","volume":"150","author":"Griffiths","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0366-077X.2004.05950.x","article-title":"The use of ciclosporin in psoriasis: A clinical review","volume":"150","author":"Ho","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1998.02319.x","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind study comparing the efficacy, safety and optimal dose of two formulations of cyclosporin, Neoral and Sandimmun, in patients with severe psoriasis. OLP302 Study Group","volume":"139","author":"Koo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(96)90726-4","article-title":"Long-term low-dose cyclosporine therapy for severe psoriasis: Effects on renal function and structure","volume":"35","author":"Lowe","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2020.1757017","article-title":"Effectiveness of cyclosporine A in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in a real-life clinical setting in Italy: The TRANSITION study","volume":"33","author":"Marsili","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(95)91393-9","article-title":"Long-term maintenance therapy with cyclosporine and posttreatment survey in severe psoriasis: Results of a multicenter study. German Multicenter Study","volume":"33","author":"Mrowietz","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12040.x","article-title":"Risk of malignancies in psoriasis patients treated with cyclosporine: A 5 y cohort study","volume":"120","author":"Paul","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1993.tb15145.x","article-title":"Renal function and biopsy findings after 5 years\u2019 treatment with low-dose cyclosporin for psoriasis","volume":"128","author":"Powles","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(99)70359-2","article-title":"Acitretin in psoriasis: An overview of adverse effects","volume":"41","author":"Katz","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1517\/14740330903393732","article-title":"A review of acitretin for the treatment of psoriasis","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1159\/000250839","article-title":"Severe psoriasis--oral therapy with a new retinoid","volume":"157","author":"Fredriksson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Dermatologica"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (2023, February 02). Annex I. List of the Names, Pharmaceutical Forms, Strengths of the Medicinal Products, Routes of Administration, Marketing Authorisation Holders in the Member States for Retinoids Containing Medicinal Products. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/referral\/retinoid-article-31-referral-annex-i_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14349","article-title":"Long-term safety and drug survival of acitretin in psoriasis: A retrospective observational study","volume":"58","author":"Chularojanamontri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-020-00409-4","article-title":"Long-term Safety of Oral Systemic Therapies for Psoriasis: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature","volume":"10","author":"Balak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199243040-00010","article-title":"Acitretin: A Review of its Pharmacology and Therapeutic Use","volume":"43","author":"Pilkington","year":"1992","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520949158","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in dimethyl fumarate-treated multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"28","author":"Jordan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1206328","article-title":"Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 or glatiramer in multiple sclerosis","volume":"367","author":"Fox","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1114287","article-title":"Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 for relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"367","author":"Gold","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-203407","article-title":"Non-viral opportunistic infections in new users of tumour necrosis factor inhibitor therapy: Results of the SAfety Assessment of Biologic ThERapy (SABER) study","volume":"73","author":"Baddley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"38","article-title":"Adverse reactions of biological therapy for psoriasis","volume":"119","author":"Voicu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Chir. Soc. Med. Nat. Iasi"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000942","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2019-000942","article-title":"Long-term safety of certolizumab pegol in rheumatoid arthritis, axial spondyloarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis and Crohn\u2019s disease: A pooled analysis of 11 317 patients across clinical trials","volume":"5","author":"Curtis","year":"2019","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-022-02753-6","article-title":"Pooled safety results across phase 3 randomized trials of intravenous golimumab in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"24","author":"Husni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622318772705","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of adalimumab for the treatment of psoriasis: A review summarizing 15 years of real-life experience","volume":"9","author":"Sator","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.03.049","article-title":"Apremilast, an oral phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor, in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis: Results of a phase III, randomized, controlled trial (Efficacy and Safety Trial Evaluating the Effects of Apremilast in Psoriasis [ESTEEM] 1)","volume":"73","author":"Papp","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ritchlin, C.T., Stahle, M., Poulin, Y., Bagel, J., Chakravarty, S.D., Kafka, S., Srivastava, B., Langholff, W., and Gottlieb, A.B. (2019). Serious infections in patients with self-reported psoriatic arthritis from the Psoriasis Longitudinal Assessment and Registry (PSOLAR) treated with biologics. BMC Rheumatol., 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41927-019-0094-3"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42010","article-title":"Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Guselkumab, a Monoclonal Antibody Specific to the p19 Subunit of Interleukin-23, Through Two Years: Results From a Phase III, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study Conducted in Biologic-Naive Patients With Active Psoriatic Arthritis","volume":"74","author":"McInnes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"AB174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.06.708","article-title":"28095 Long-term safety of guselkumab: Results from the VOYAGE 1 and VOYAGE 2 trials with up to 5 years of treatment","volume":"85","author":"Blauvelt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15653","article-title":"Safety of selective IL-23p19 inhibitors for the treatment of psoriasis","volume":"33","author":"Crowley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e709","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17427","article-title":"Low incidence rate of respiratory and viral infections over 5 years of treatment with tildrakizumab in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis: Pooled analysis from reSURFACE 1 and reSURFACE 2 phase 3 trials","volume":"35","author":"Thaci","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"European Medicine Agency (2023, February 18). Bimzelx (Bimekizumab). EMA\/371465\/2021, EMEA\/H\/C\/005316. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/overview\/bimzelx-epar-medicine-overview_de.pdf."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00126-4","article-title":"Bimekizumab efficacy and safety in moderate to severe plaque psoriasis (BE READY): A multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised withdrawal phase 3 trial","volume":"397","author":"Gordon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"adv00698","DOI":"10.2340\/actadv.v102.563","article-title":"Long-term Safety of Secukinumab Over Five Years in Patients with Moderate-to-severe Plaque Psoriasis, Psoriatic Arthritis and Ankylosing Spondylitis: Update on Integrated Pooled Clinical Trial and Post-marketing Surveillance Data","volume":"102","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00125-2","article-title":"Bimekizumab versus ustekinumab for the treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis (BE VIVID): Efficacy and safety from a 52-week, multicentre, double-blind, active comparator and placebo controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"397","author":"Reich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14164","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of apremilast, an oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis over 52 weeks: A phase III, randomized controlled trial (ESTEEM 2)","volume":"173","author":"Paul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.06.050","article-title":"Safety of Tofacitinib in a Real-World Cohort of Patients With Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"19","author":"Deepak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-019-1866-2","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of tofacitinib for up to 9.5 years in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: Final results of a global, open-label, long-term extension study","volume":"21","author":"Wollenhaupt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s40744-021-00410-z","article-title":"Safety Profile of Upadacitinib up to 3 Years in Psoriatic Arthritis: An Integrated Analysis of Two Pivotal Phase 3 Trials","volume":"9","author":"Burmester","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2023, February 16). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Drug Combination for Treatment of COVID-19, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-drug-combination-treatment-covid-19."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.03.035","article-title":"Risk of Serious Infections in Patients with Psoriasis on Biologic Therapies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"136","author":"Yiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Robert Koch Institut (2024, June 04). GrippeWeb-Wochenbericht\u2014Kalenderwoche 1 (30.12.2019\u201305.01.2020). Available online: https:\/\/www.rki.de\/DE\/Content\/Infekt\/Sentinel\/Grippeweb\/Wochenberichte\/Archiv\/2020\/2020_01.pdf?__blob=publicationFile."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19466","article-title":"Risk of serious infection and infection mortality in patients with psoriasis: A nationwide cohort study using the Taiwan National Health Insurance claims database","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/13\/3713\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:04:29Z","timestamp":1760108669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/13\/3713"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13133713"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13133713","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]}}}