{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:51:39Z","timestamp":1792003899952,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Gda\u0144sk","award":["ST 01\u201310024 (0006023)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST 01\u201310024 (0006023)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a significant public health concern worldwide, yet data on their prevalence and epidemiology, particularly in Central and Eastern Europe, remain scarce. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, anatomical localization, symptomatic\/asymptomatic course, and co-infection patterns of STIs among men. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed data collected between May 2021 and July 2023, including sociodemographic, sexual behavior, and clinical data from 139 male participants. Molecular polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests were conducted for Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Mycoplasma genitalium, and Trichomonas vaginalis. Results: Of the participants, 36% tested positive for at least one STI, with the urethra being the most common site of infection. NG and CT were the most prevalent infections. The majority of infections were asymptomatic, highlighting the importance of comprehensive screening, especially in high-risk populations like men who have sex with men (MSM). Conclusions: This study emphasizes the need for targeted screening strategies, particularly for extragenital STIs, and underscores the role of MSM in STI epidemiology. The findings highlight the importance of routine screening, even for asymptomatic individuals, to effectively control STI spread. Future research should validate and expand upon these findings to enhance STI prevention and management efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13133736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T12:18:31Z","timestamp":1719404311000},"page":"3736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections among Male Patients at a Dermato-Venereology Outpatient Clinic in Gda\u0144sk, Poland: Findings from a Single-Center Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2577-8180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damian","family":"Kadylak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, Smoluchowskiego 17 Street, 80-214 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Clinical Centre, Smoluchowskiego 17 Street, 80-214 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justyna","family":"Czarny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, Smoluchowskiego 17 Street, 80-214 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Clinical Centre, Smoluchowskiego 17 Street, 80-214 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4768-1387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman Janusz","family":"Nowicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, Smoluchowskiego 17 Street, 80-214 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Clinical Centre, Smoluchowskiego 17 Street, 80-214 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7626-3689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Soko\u0142owska-Wojdy\u0142o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, Smoluchowskiego 17 Street, 80-214 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Clinical Centre, Smoluchowskiego 17 Street, 80-214 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e235","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30310-9","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections: Challenges ahead","volume":"17","author":"Unemo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, June 09). Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2024). Chlamydia. Annual Epidemiological Report for 2022, ECDC."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2024). Gonorrhoea. Annual Epidemiological Report for 2022, ECDC."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"100742","article-title":"Epidemiology and determinants of reemerging bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and emerging STIs in Europe","volume":"34","author":"Padovese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2024, April 23). Infectious Diseases and Poisonings in Poland in 2022; Chief Sanitary Inspectorate\u2014Department of Epidemic Prevention and Border Sanitary Protection, National Institute of Public Health NIH\u2014National Research Institute Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance of Infectious Diseases, Warsaw, Poland, 2023, Available online: https:\/\/wwwold.pzh.gov.pl\/oldpage\/epimeld\/2022\/Ch_2022.pdf."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2024, April 26). Infectious Diseases and Poisonings in Poland in 2023; Chief Sanitary Inspectorate\u2014Department of Epidemic Prevention and Border Sanitary Protection, National Institute of Public Health NIH\u2014National Research Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance of Infectious Diseases, Warsaw, Poland, 29 March 2024, Available online: https:\/\/wwwold.pzh.gov.pl\/oldpage\/epimeld\/2023\/Ch_2023.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jansen, K., Steffen, G., Potthoff, A., Schuppe, A.K., Beer, D., Jessen, H., Scholten, S., Spornraft-Ragaller, P., Bremer, V., and Tiemann, C. (2020). STI in times of PrEP: High prevalence of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and mycoplasma at different anatomic sites in men who have sex with men in Germany. BMC Infect. Dis., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-4831-4"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"195","article-title":"Three-site screening for STIs in men who have sex with men using online self-testing in an English sexual health service","volume":"99","author":"Charin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1086\/597586","article-title":"Incidence and Treatment Outcomes of Pharyngeal Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis Infections in Men Who Have Sex with Men: A 13-Year Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"48","author":"Ota","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.75.1.3","article-title":"From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: The contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection","volume":"75","author":"Fleming","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2014). Gonococcal Antimicrobial Susceptibility Surveillance in Europe, 2012, ECDC."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014). Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2013, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2012). Global Action Plan to Control the Spread and Impact of Antimicrobial Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/44863."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2014-051731","article-title":"Will targeting oropharyngeal gonorrhoea delay the further emergence of drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains?","volume":"91","author":"Lewis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-019-0206-2","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistance driven by antibiotic use","volume":"16","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00010-14","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the 21st Century: Past, Evolution, and Future","volume":"27","author":"Unemo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa565","article-title":"Markedly Reduced Azithromycin and Ceftriaxone Susceptibility in Commensal Neisseria Species in Clinical Samples from Belgian Men Who Have Sex with Men","volume":"72","author":"Laumen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-007-0541-8","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of Neisseria subflava from the oral cavities of a Japanese population","volume":"13","author":"Furuya","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz365","article-title":"Decreased Cephalosporin Susceptibility of Oropharyngeal Neisseria Species in Antibiotic-using Men Who Have Sex with Men in Hanoi, Vietnam","volume":"70","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"219","article-title":"Spontaneous clearance of asymptomatic anogenital and pharyngeal Neisseria gonorrhoeae: A secondary analysis from the NABOGO trial","volume":"99","author":"Teker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100591","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.14.2100591","article-title":"HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis was associated with no impact on sexually transmitted infection prevalence in a high-prevalence population of predominantly men who have sex with men, Germany, 2018 to 2019, in Eurosurveillance, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)","volume":"27","author":"Streeck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624231221591","article-title":"Orogenital and anal infection by Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium, and other sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men in Lisbon","volume":"35","author":"Minetti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szetela, B., \u0141api\u0144ski, \u0141., and Giniewicz, K. (2023). Very High Incidence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Treponema pallidum among Low-Risk MSM in an Outpatient Clinic in Wroclaw, Poland in 2019\u20132020. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032582"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.19972.1","article-title":"Recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of Trichomonas vaginalis infection","volume":"8","author":"Muzny","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Research"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/13\/3736\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:05:09Z","timestamp":1760108709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/13\/3736"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13133736"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13133736","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]}}}