{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T19:18:26Z","timestamp":1790968706591,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF-9) contributes to early ovarian development and oocyte survival. Higher concentrations of GDF-9 in follicular fluid (FF) are associated with oocyte nuclear maturation and optimal embryo development. In in vitro fertilization (IVF), GDF-9 affects the ability of the oocyte to fertilize and subsequent embryonic development. Bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP-15) is involved in the regulation of ovarian function and affects oocyte development. During IVF, BMP-15 contributes to the formation of competent blastocysts. BMP-15 may play a role in embryo implantation by affecting endometrial receptivity. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) is involved in the regulation of follicle growth and development and affects granulosa cell (GC) differentiation. In relation to IVF, BMP-4 is important for embryonic development, influences cell fate and differentiation, and plays a role in facilitating embryo\u2013endometrial interactions during the implantation process. Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) is associated with ovulation and follicle rupture, promotes the release of mature eggs, and affects the modification of the extracellular matrix of the follicular environment. In IVF, EMMPRIN is involved in embryo implantation by modulating the adhesive properties of endometrial cells and promotes trophoblastic invasion, which is essential for pregnancy to occur. The purpose of the current article is to review the studies and recent findings of GDF-9, BMP-15, BMP-4 and EMMPRIN as fundamental factors in normal follicular development and in vitro fertilization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13133775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T11:19:02Z","timestamp":1719487142000},"page":"3775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["The Roles of GDF-9, BMP-15, BMP-4 and EMMPRIN in Folliculogenesis and In Vitro Fertilization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Serafeim","family":"Fountas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fertility and Sterility Unit, Elena Venizelou General-Maternity District Hospital, 11521 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Efthymia","family":"Petinaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Larissa, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2523-3276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stamatis","family":"Bolaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fertility and Sterility Unit, Elena Venizelou General-Maternity District Hospital, 11521 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalini","family":"Kargakou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fertility and Sterility Unit, Elena Venizelou General-Maternity District Hospital, 11521 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanos","family":"Dafopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Zikopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Rd, Exeter EX 25 DW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Efthalia","family":"Moustakli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9466-6086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sotirios","family":"Sotiriou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Dafopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ART Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2011.01.008","article-title":"Review: The angiogenic and vasodilatory utero-placental network","volume":"32","author":"Valdes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2011.00793.x","article-title":"Physiological Remodeling of the Maternal Uterine Circulation during Pregnancy","volume":"110","author":"Mandala","year":"2012","journal-title":"Basic. 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