{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T15:57:26Z","timestamp":1776787046338,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze a group of patients with a bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) examined with ECG-gated cardiac CT (ECG-CT), focusing on the assessment of the clinical reasons for cardiac CT, cardiovascular abnormalities coexisting with their BAV, and coronary artery stenosis. Methods: A detailed statistical analysis was conducted on 700 patients with a BAV from a group of 15,670 patients examined with ECG-CT. Results: The incidence of a BAV in ECG-CT was 4.6%. The most common reason for examination was suspicion of coronary heart disease\u201431.1%. Cardiovascular defects most frequently associated with a BAV were a VSD (4.3%) and coarctation of the aorta (3.6%), while among coronary anomalies, they were high-take-off coronary arteries (6.4%) and paracommissural orifice of coronary arteries (4.4%). The analysis of the coronary artery calcium index showed significantly lower values for type 2 BAV compared to other valve types (p &lt; 0.001), with the lowest average age in this group of patients. Moreover, the presence of a raphe between the coronary and non-coronary cusps was associated with a higher rate of significant coronary stenosis compared to other types of BAVs (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: The most common reason for referral for cardiac ECG-CT in the group \u2264 40-year-olds with a BAV was the suspicion of congenital cardiovascular defects, while in the group of over 40-year-olds, it was the suspicion of coronary artery disease. The incidence of cardiovascular abnormalities co-occurring with BAV and diagnosed with ECG-CT differs among specific patient subgroups. The presence of a raphe between the coronary and non-coronary cusps appears to be a potential risk factor for significant coronary stenosis in patients with BAVs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13133790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T03:42:30Z","timestamp":1719546150000},"page":"3790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Patients with a Bicuspid Aortic Valve (BAV) Diagnosed with ECG-Gated Cardiac Multislice Computed Tomography\u2014Analysis of the Reasons for Referral, Classification of Morphological Phenotypes, Co-Occurring Cardiovascular Abnormalities, and Coronary Artery Stenosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5418-0110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Machowiec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3352-3700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Przybylski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7722-2926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Czekajska-Chehab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9090-7954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Drop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2020.06.005","article-title":"Genetics in bicuspid aortic valve disease: Where are we?","volume":"63","author":"Prakash","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)01886-7","article-title":"The incidence of congenital heart disease","volume":"39","author":"Hoffman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2016.10.088","article-title":"Cardiovascular operations for Loeys-Dietz syndrome: Intermediate-term results","volume":"153","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.32770","article-title":"Aortic root dilation in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome","volume":"149A","author":"John","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. A"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2017.10.008","article-title":"Characteristic Morphologies of the Bicuspid Aortic Valve in Patients with Genetic Syndromes","volume":"31","author":"Niaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2017.04.015","article-title":"Evaluating the Clinical Validity of Gene-Disease Associations: An Evidence-Based Framework Developed by the Clinical Genome Resource","volume":"100","author":"Strande","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1730294","article-title":"Bicuspid Aortic Valve: Genetic and Clinical Insights","volume":"9","author":"Tessler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aorta"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.12.023","article-title":"Hypoplastic left heart syndrome links to chromosomes 10q and 6q and is genetically related to bicuspid aortic valve","volume":"53","author":"Hinton","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.07.037","article-title":"Risk factors for aortic complications in adults with coarctation of the aorta","volume":"44","author":"Oliver","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.618124","article-title":"Ventricular septal defects","volume":"114","author":"Minette","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.74.2.137","article-title":"When and how to fix a \u2018hole in the heart\u2019: Approach to ASD and PFO","volume":"74","author":"Krasuski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clevel. Clin. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-4-17","article-title":"Patent arterial duct","volume":"4","author":"Forsey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(70)90761-7","article-title":"The congenitally bicuspid aortic valve. A study of 85 autopsy cases","volume":"26","author":"Roberts","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"217","article-title":"The anatomopathology of bicuspid aortic valve","volume":"70","author":"Yuan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Folia Morphol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4065\/74.1.14","article-title":"Congenitally bicuspid aortic valves: A surgical pathology study of 542 cases (1991 through 1996) and a literature review of 2,715 additional cases","volume":"74","author":"Sabet","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2007.01.039","article-title":"A classification system for the bicuspid aortic valve from 304 surgical specimens","volume":"133","author":"Sievers","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezab038","article-title":"International consensus statement on nomenclature and classification of the congenital bicuspid aortic valve and its aortopathy, for clinical, surgical, interventional and research purposes","volume":"60","author":"Michelena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2007.132092","article-title":"The bicuspid aortic valve: An integrated phenotypic classification of leaflet morphology and aortic root shape","volume":"94","author":"Schaefer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-014-3585-z","article-title":"Characteristics of aortic valve dysfunction and ascending aorta dimensions according to bicuspid aortic valve morphology","volume":"25","author":"Shin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2015.02.036","article-title":"The Association Between Aortic Valve Leaflet Morphology and Patterns of Aortic Dilation in Patients with Bicuspid Aortic Valves","volume":"99","author":"Ruzmetov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2016.5228","article-title":"Prognostic Implications of Raphe in Bicuspid Aortic Valve Anatomy","volume":"2","author":"Kong","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/24748706.2021.1883782","article-title":"Hemodynamic and Conduction System Outcomes in Sievers Type 0 and Sievers Type 1 Bicuspid Aortic Valves Post Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Struct. Heart"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735829","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/735829","article-title":"Pathophysiological implications of different bicuspid aortic valve configurations","volume":"2012","author":"Kari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.07.044","article-title":"Bicuspid aortic valves with different spatial orientations of the leaflets are distinct etiological entities","volume":"54","author":"Such","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.21037\/acs.2019.05.08","article-title":"Bicuspid aortic valve repair: Systematic review on long-term outcomes","volume":"8","author":"Arnaoutakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(92)90479-7","article-title":"Association of aortic dilation with regurgitant, stenotic and functionally normal bicuspid aortic valves","volume":"19","author":"Hahn","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.58600\/eurjther.2009-15-2-1300-arch","article-title":"Bicuspid Aortic Valve Prevalence In A Large Series Of Echocardiograms In The Area Of Frequent Consanguineous Marriage","volume":"15","author":"Sucu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(01)03455-5","article-title":"Reduction aortoplasty for dilatation of the ascending aorta in patients with bicuspid aortic valve","volume":"73","author":"Bauer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13895","article-title":"Bicuspid aortic valve and sports: From the echocardiographic evaluation to the eligibility for sports competition","volume":"31","author":"Valentini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5273(02)00199-7","article-title":"Etiology of aortic valve disease and recent changes in Japan: A study of 600 valve replacement cases","volume":"86","author":"Matsumura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1086\/313646","article-title":"Bicuspid aortic valve\u2014A silent danger: Analysis of 50 cases of infective endocarditis","volume":"30","author":"Lamas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2018.11.003","article-title":"The Bicuspid Aortic Valve Condition: The Critical Role of Echocardiography and the Case for a Standard Nomenclature Consensus","volume":"61","author":"Michelena","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"48","article-title":"Reliability of transthoracic echocardiography in the assessment of aortic valve morphology: Pathological correlation in 178 patients","volume":"15","author":"Chan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005987","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.117.005987","article-title":"Bicuspid Aortic Valve: What to Image in Patients Considered for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement","volume":"10","author":"Kong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"690","article-title":"Assessment of bicuspid aortic valve phenotypes and associated pathologies: A transesophageal echocardiographic study","volume":"45","author":"Yakar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Turk. Kardiyol. Dern. Ars."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Manning, W.J., and Yeon, S.B. (2023). Echocardiographic evaluation of the aortic valve. UpToDate, Wolters Kluwer. Available online: https:\/\/medilib.ir\/uptodate\/show\/5295."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"567","article-title":"Transoesophageal echocardiography related complications","volume":"53","author":"Mathur","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.3813","article-title":"Cardiac CT for the differentiation of bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valves: Comparison with echocardiography and surgery","volume":"195","author":"Alkadhi","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2014.05.010","article-title":"Bicuspid aortic valves: Diagnostic accuracy of standard axial 64-slice chest CT compared to aortic valve image plane ECG-gated cardiac CT","volume":"83","author":"Murphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcct.2020.11.001","article-title":"SCCT 2021 Expert Consensus Document on Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography: A Report of the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography","volume":"15","author":"Narula","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Comput. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2018.06.016","article-title":"ECG-gated CT angiography of the thoracic aorta: The importance of evaluating the coronary arteries","volume":"73","author":"Pierro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e020785","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.020785","article-title":"Characteristics of Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease and Stenosis: The National Echo Database of Australia","volume":"10","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2017-311560","article-title":"Anatomical and clinical predictors of valve dysfunction and aortic dilation in bicuspid aortic valve disease","volume":"104","author":"Evangelista","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.15000","article-title":"Serial echocardiography for valve dysfunction and aortic dilation in bicuspid aortic valves","volume":"38","author":"Parker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4665","DOI":"10.1111\/jocs.16026","article-title":"Progression of aortic stenosis in patients with bicuspid aortic valve","volume":"36","author":"Shang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Card. Surg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(93)90799-I","article-title":"Rapidity of progression of aortic stenosis in patients with congenital bicuspid aortic valves","volume":"71","author":"Beppu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5699","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005699","article-title":"Clinical and echocardiographic determinants in bicuspid aortic dilatation: Results from a longitudinal observational study","volume":"95","author":"Peeters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2013.07.009","article-title":"Pattern of ascending aortic dimensions predicts the growth rate of the aorta in patients with bicuspid aortic valve","volume":"6","author":"Bancone","year":"2013","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2014.12.027","article-title":"Predictors of ascending aortic dilation in bicuspid aortic valve disease: A five-year prospective study","volume":"128","author":"Avadhani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e217831","DOI":"10.14503\/THIJ-21-7831","article-title":"The Impact of Bicuspid Aortic Valve Leaflet Fusion Morphology on the Ascending Aorta and on Outcomes of Aortic Valve Replacement","volume":"50","author":"Bibevski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tex. Heart Inst. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2008.01.022","article-title":"The aortopathy of bicuspid aortic valve disease has distinctive patterns and usually involves the transverse aortic arch","volume":"135","author":"Fazel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2017.03.006","article-title":"Transthoracic Echocardiography versus Computed Tomography for Ascending Aortic Measurements in Patients with Bicuspid Aortic Valve","volume":"30","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2013.01.001","article-title":"Bicuspid Aortic Valve and Aortopathy: See the First, Then Look at the Second","volume":"6","author":"Freeman","year":"2013","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.618082","article-title":"Coronary artery anomalies: An entity in search of an identity","volume":"115","author":"Angelini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(78)90985-2","article-title":"Association of left dominant coronary arterial system with congenital bicuspid aortic valve","volume":"42","author":"Hutchins","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000157730.94423.4B","article-title":"Ethnic differences in coronary calcification: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"111","author":"Bild","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs109","article-title":"Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012)","volume":"33","author":"Vahanian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.02.013","article-title":"Forme fruste or \u2018Incomplete\u2019 bicuspid aortic valves with very small raphes: The prevalence of bicuspid valve and its significance may be underestimated","volume":"184","author":"Sperling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szymczyk, K., Polguj, M., Szymczyk, E., Bako\u0144, L., Pacho, R., and Stefa\u0144czyk, L. (2016). Assessment of aortic valve in regard to its anatomical variants morphology in 2053 patients using 64-slice CT retrospective coronary angiography. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-016-0261-z"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.07.005","article-title":"Bicuspid Aortic Valve Morphology and Outcomes After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement","volume":"76","author":"Yoon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Choi, B.H., Chee, H.K., Kim, J.S., and Ko, S.M. (2023). Aortic Valve Dysfunction and Aortopathy Based on the Presence of Raphe in Patients with Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202307.1588.v1"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Uhlig, S. (2014). ECG-Gated Computed Tomography in the Diagnosis of Bicuspid Aortic Valve. [Doctoral Dissertation, Medical University of Lublin]. Available online: https:\/\/ppm.umlub.pl\/info\/achievement\/UML9f856c6acab24c8bbfe35683244350e7\/."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"167","article-title":"Coarctation of the aorta\u2014Clinical picture and therapeutic options","volume":"6","author":"Bialkowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Post. Cardiol. Interw."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.05.063","article-title":"Morphology of bicuspid aortic valve in children and adolescents","volume":"44","author":"Fernandes","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0b013e32832d47dd","article-title":"Patent foramen ovale and stroke: What should be done?","volume":"16","author":"Homma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"830","article-title":"Prevalence of coronary artery anomalies detected by coronary CT angiography in Canton Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina","volume":"29","author":"Miljko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Danub."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsha.2016.07.006","article-title":"The prevalence of coronary artery anomalies in Qassim Province detected by cardiac computed tomography angiography","volume":"29","author":"Smettei","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Saudi Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2018.01.035","article-title":"Prevalence and spectrum of coronary artery anomalies in 8021 patients: A single centre study in South India","volume":"70","author":"Sirasapalli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian Heart J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0304(199711)42:3<270::AID-CCD8>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Epidemiology of congenital coronary artery anomalies: A coronary arteriography study on a central European population","volume":"42","author":"Kardos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000027905.26586.E8","article-title":"Clinical and pathophysiological implications of a bicuspid aortic valve","volume":"106","author":"Fedak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1097\/RTI.0000000000000205","article-title":"Coronary Artery Variants and Anomalies in Patients with Bicuspid Aortic Valve","volume":"31","author":"Hryniewiecki","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-308629","article-title":"Coronary anatomy as related to bicuspid aortic valve morphology","volume":"102","author":"Koenraadt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivx396","article-title":"The impact of coronary anomalies on the outcome in aortic valve surgery: Comparison of bicuspid aortic valve versus tricuspid aortic valve morphotype","volume":"26","author":"Naito","year":"2018","journal-title":"Interact. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2017-311634","article-title":"Coronary artery variants and bicuspid aortic valve disease: Gaining insight into genetic underpinnings","volume":"104","author":"DeFaria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(21)03056-4","article-title":"Anomalous coronary artery origin from the opposite sinus in patients with bicuspid aortic valve\u2014Comparison with tricuspid aortic valve","volume":"77","author":"Vallabhajosyula","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1097\/RTI.0b013e318194c942","article-title":"MDCT of partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) in adults","volume":"24","author":"Ho","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.06.016","article-title":"Coronary Artery Dominance and Cardiovascular Pathologies in Patients with Bicuspid Aortic Valve","volume":"363","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003200","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.003200","article-title":"Impact of Valve Morphology on the Prevalence of Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"5","author":"Poggio","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feuchtner, G., Bleckwenn, S., Stoessl, L., Plank, F., Beyer, C., Bonaros, N., Schachner, T., Senoner, T., Widmann, G., and Gollmann-Tepek\u00f6yl\u00fc, C. (2021). Bicuspid Aortic Valve Is Associated with Less Coronary Calcium and Coronary Artery Disease Burden. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10143070"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.23736","article-title":"Association between bicuspid aortic valve phenotype and patterns of valvular dysfunction: A meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Mai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gohmann, R.F., Lauten, P., Seitz, P., Krieghoff, C., L\u00fccke, C., Gottschling, S., Mende, M., Wei\u00df, S., Wilde, J., and Kiefer, P. (2020). Combined Coronary CT-Angiography and TAVI-Planning: A Contrast-Neutral Routine Approach for Ruling-out Significant Coronary Artery Disease. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061623"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/13\/3790\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:06:42Z","timestamp":1760108802000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/13\/3790"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13133790"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13133790","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]}}}