{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T08:06:06Z","timestamp":1774425966296,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Lipid dysmetabolism seems to contribute to the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Our aim was to compare serum lipidomic profile between patients with NAFLD having received monotherapy with vitamin E (400 IU\/d) and those having received combination therapy with vitamin E (400 IU\/d) and low-dose spironolactone (25 mg\/d) for 52 weeks. Methods: This was a post hoc study of a randomized controlled trial (NCT01147523). Serum lipidomic analysis was performed in vitamin E monotherapy group (n = 15) and spironolactone plus vitamin E combination therapy group (n = 12). We employed an untargeted liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry lipid profiling approach in positive and negative ionization mode. Results: Univariate analysis revealed 36 lipid molecules statistically different between groups in positive mode and seven molecules in negative mode. Multivariate analysis in negative mode identified six lipid molecules that remained robustly different between groups. After adjustment for potential confounders, including gender, omega-3 supplementation, leptin concentration and homeostasis model assessment\u2014insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), four lipid molecules remained significant between groups: FA 20:5, SM 34:2;O2, SM 42:3;O2 and CE 22:6, all being higher in the combination treatment group. Conclusions: The combination of spironolactone with vitamin E led to higher circulating levels of four lipid molecules than vitamin E monotherapy, after adjustment for potential confounders. Owing to very limited relevant data, we could not support that these changes in lipid molecules may be beneficial or not for the progression of NAFLD. Thus, mechanistic studies are warranted to clarify the potential clinical significance of these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13133798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T06:51:53Z","timestamp":1719557513000},"page":"3798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of Combined Low-Dose Spironolactone Plus Vitamin E versus Vitamin E Monotherapy on Lipidomic Profile in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8802-0618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasios","family":"Semertzidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomai","family":"Mouskeftara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1893-937X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Gika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"BIOMIC AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 570 01 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petros","family":"Pousinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIOMIC AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 570 01 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2718-7480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kali","family":"Makedou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonis","family":"Goulas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jannis","family":"Kountouras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Medical Clinic, Ippokration General Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 42 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9232-4042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stergios A.","family":"Polyzos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.154005","article-title":"Non-invasive diagnosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis with the use of omics and supervised learning: A proof of concept study","volume":"101","author":"Perakakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154318","article-title":"Making progress in nonalcoholic fatty liver 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