{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T02:08:24Z","timestamp":1785722904648,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anal fissure is one of the most common proctological pathologies. It consists of the formation of a longitudinal tear in the anoderm, causing pain and bleeding during and after defecation. When chronic, it can significantly negatively impact the quality of life of the affected patient. Currently, multiple therapeutic options are available, both medical and surgical. The objective of this article is to highlight the historical evolution in the physiopathological understanding and treatment of this disease, underlining the key moments in this history. This is the first article to summarize the milestones in the treatment of anal fissure from ancient to current times.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13133930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T09:50:32Z","timestamp":1720086632000},"page":"3930","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Anal Fissure and Its Treatments: A Historical Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0721-2463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana","family":"Riboni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, UKBB (Universit\u00e4ts-Kinderspital beider Basel), Spitalstrasse 33, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6920-3103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucio","family":"Selvaggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Cantarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CPEP (Centre for Proctology and Perineology), Ospedali Privati Forl\u00ec, 47121 Forl\u00ec, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Podda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Bracchitta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coloproctology Centre, Clinica del Mediterraneo, 97100 Ragusa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinicio","family":"Mosca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Cosenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Cosenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Selvaggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Nardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy"},{"name":"A.O. Annunziata, 87100 Cosenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2634-1199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Pata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy"},{"name":"A.O. Annunziata, 87100 Cosenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mapel, D.W., Schum, M., and Von Worley, A. (2014). The epidemiology and treatment of anal fissures in a population-based cohort. 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