{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:09:04Z","timestamp":1792174144531,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Although depression and anxiety are found to be affected by temperaments, little research has studied these relationships in pregnancy. The present study explored the associations among perinatal depression (PD), anxiety dimensions (state, trait, and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)), and temperaments between women in the three trimesters of pregnancy through a network analysis approach. Moreover, differences in the severity of PD and anxiety between women in the three trimesters were evaluated. Methods: Women in first (N = 31), second (N = 184), and third (N = 54) trimesters of pregnancy were recruited in the present cross-sectional study. The network analysis included PD, anxiety dimensions, and temperaments. Three network models were estimated, and ANOVAs evaluated the differences in the severity of PD and anxiety, including trimesters as a between-subject factor. Results: PD and GAD were the nodes most strongly connected across the three groups. Cyclothymic, depressive, and anxious temperaments were most frequently associated with PD and GAD. Hyperthymic temperament was in the periphery of the three networks. Lastly, women in the first trimester had the highest severity of PD and GAD. Conclusions: PD and GAD showed the strongest associations. Anxiety dimensions had positive associations with PD and GAD, suggesting their role as possible risk factors. Temperaments were differently associated within the network between the three groups. Clinical interventions during pregnancy should target the central variables, considering their direct and indirect relationships.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13133957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T12:30:59Z","timestamp":1720182659000},"page":"3957","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Network Analysis of Perinatal Depression, Anxiety, and Temperaments in Women in the First, Second, and Third Trimesters of Pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3007-8162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianna","family":"Mazza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Brisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6223-5460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Veneziani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Degli Apuli 1, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco Maria","family":"Lisci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6818-4117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilenia","family":"Sessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Psychology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7058-5137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Balocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Psychology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Di Stasio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensive Care and Perioperative Clinics Research, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Marano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Abate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Benedetta","family":"Anesini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7858-3453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Boggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2063-3409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Ciliberto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"De Masi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Falsini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ester Maria","family":"Marzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2664-3023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Avallone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annamaria","family":"Serio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Psychology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Gonsalez del Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Psychology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios Demetrios","family":"Kotzalidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela Pia Rosaria","family":"Chieffo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Psychology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Lanzone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Scambia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7638-0375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Degli Apuli 1, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9767-8752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Sani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.07.046","article-title":"A systematic review of growth curve mixture modelling literature investigating trajectories of perinatal depressive symptoms and associated risk factors","volume":"223","author":"Baron","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2023.05.031","article-title":"Do Psychological and Behavioural Factors Change Over Pregnancy?","volume":"45","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2020.8862","article-title":"Perinatal depression: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"30","author":"Dagher","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61276-9","article-title":"Non-psychotic mental disorders in the perinatal period","volume":"384","author":"Howard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-003-0004-x","article-title":"Mood disturbance in the early puerperium: A review","volume":"6","author":"Henshaw","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Womens Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.07.046","article-title":"Prevalence of perinatal depression and its determinants in Mainland China: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"277","author":"Nisar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.10.103","article-title":"The predictive effect of mid-pregnancy sleep disorders on perinatal depression within women with or without depression in early pregnancy: A prospective cohort study","volume":"345","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-016-0629-1","article-title":"A review of longitudinal studies on antenatal and postnatal depression","volume":"19","author":"Underwood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Womens Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.09.007","article-title":"Risk factors for depressive symptoms during pregnancy: A systematic review","volume":"202","author":"Lancaster","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Yan, Y., Gao, X., Xiang, S., Sha, T., Zeng, G., and He, Q. (2017). Risk factors for postpartum depression among Chinese women: Path model analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-017-1320-x"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185612","article-title":"Postpartum depression: Current status and future directions","volume":"9","author":"McCabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, Q., Xiao, M., Wang, B., He, T., Zhao, J., and Lei, J. (2024). Comorbid Anxiety and Depression among Pregnant and Postpartum Women: A Longitudinal Population-Based Study. Depress. Anxiety, 1.","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/7802142"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.02.056","article-title":"Physical health and comorbid anxiety and depression across the first year postpartum in Ireland (MAMMI study): A longitudinal population-based study","volume":"328","author":"Hannon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fairbrother, N., Young, A.H., Antony, M.M., and Tucker, E. (2015). Depression and anxiety during the perinatal period. BMC Psychiatry, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0526-6"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340902846049","article-title":"Psychosocial risk factors for depression during pregnancy","volume":"88","author":"Bundevicius","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(99)00128-7","article-title":"Psychosocial correlates of prepartum and postpartum depressed mood","volume":"59","author":"Larouche","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2015.1074642","article-title":"Psychological stress and adjustment in pregnancy following assisted reproductive technology and spontaneous conception: A systematic review","volume":"56","author":"Gourounti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Women Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3109\/0167482X.2014.944498","article-title":"The interrelationship between pregnancy-specific anxiety and general anxiety across pregnancy: A longitudinal study","volume":"35","author":"Huizink","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.05.033","article-title":"Anxiety disorders in postpartum women: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"203","author":"Goodman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.05.016","article-title":"Prevalence, onset and course of anxiety disorders during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta analysis","volume":"255","author":"Viswasam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000116689.75396.5f","article-title":"Prevalence of depression during pregnancy: Systematic review","volume":"103","author":"Bennett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.116.187179","article-title":"Prevalence of antenatal and postnatal anxiety: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"210","author":"Dennis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hahn-Holbrook, J., Cornwell-Hinrichs, T., and Anaya, I. (2018). Economic and health predictors of national postpartum depression prevalence: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of 291 studies from 56 countries. Front. Psychiatry, 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00248"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"62","article-title":"Psychological correlates of postpartum depression","volume":"50","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Med. Median."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1446.2010.00851.x","article-title":"Norwegian Public Health Nurses\u2019 Experience Using a Screening Protocol for Postpartum Depression","volume":"27","author":"Glavin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health Nurs."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0708473","article-title":"Effect of in utero and early-life con-ditions on adult health and disease","volume":"359","author":"Gluckman","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anr.2015.03.004","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors for Depressive Symptoms in Korean Women throughout Pregnancy and in Postpartum Period","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"93","article-title":"Relationship between prenatal anxiety and perinatal outcome in nulliparous women, a prospective study","volume":"89","author":"Bhagwanani","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.03.005","article-title":"Anxiety and depression during pregnancy in women and men","volume":"119","author":"Teixeira","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1080\/02646830903487300","article-title":"Assessing maternal anxiety in pregnancy with the state\u2013trait anxiety inventory (STAI): Issues of validity, location and participation","volume":"28","author":"Gunning","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Infant Psychol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(99)00064-1","article-title":"Variations in stress levels over the course of pregnancy: Factors associated with elevated hassles, state anxiety and pregnancy-specific stress","volume":"47","author":"Larouche","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2011.583980","article-title":"Temperament, Post-Partum Depression, Hopelessness, and Suicide Risk Among Women Soon after Delivering","volume":"51","author":"Girardi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Women Health"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e32833299d4","article-title":"Current research on affective temperaments","volume":"23","author":"Rihmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2004.12.001","article-title":"TEMPS-A: Progress towards validation of a self-rated clinical version of the Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire","volume":"85","author":"Akiskal","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2004.08.002","article-title":"The theoretical underpinnings of affective temperaments: Implications for evolutionary foundations of bipolar disorder and human nature","volume":"85","author":"Akiskal","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"68","article-title":"Criteria for \u201csoft\u201d bipolar spectrum: Treatment implications","volume":"23","author":"Akiskal","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.10.013","article-title":"Postpartum depression: Identifying associations with bipolarity and personality traits. Preliminary results from a cross-sectional study in Poland","volume":"215","author":"Dudek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.05.106","article-title":"Predicting postpartum depression by evaluating temperament during pregnancy","volume":"292","author":"Wakamatsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2009.01.004","article-title":"Evaluation des temp\u00e9raments affectifs dans la symptomatologie d\u00e9pressive du post-partum [Evaluation of affective temperaments in the postpartum depressive symptomatology]","volume":"36","author":"Masmoudi","year":"2020","journal-title":"L\u2019Enc\u00e9phale"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazza, M., Avallone, C., Kotzalidis, G.D., Marano, G., Moccia, L., Serio, A.M., Balocchi, M., Sessa, I., Janiri, D., and De Luca, I. (2023). Depressive Symptoms during Pregnancy: Prevalence and Correlates with Affective Temperaments and Psychosocial Factors. J. Pers. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13020211"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2014.943722","article-title":"Affective temperaments in pregnancy","volume":"30","author":"Yazici","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2010.514600","article-title":"Childbirth and mental disorders","volume":"22","author":"Leight","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.01.002","article-title":"Maternal prenatal cortisol and infant cognitive development: Moderation by infant\u2013mother attachment","volume":"67","author":"Bergman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, X., Wu, N., Tu, Y., Zang, T., Bai, J., Peng, G., and Liu, Y. (2024). Perinatal depression and infant and toddler neurodevelopment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 159.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105579"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-012-0636-0","article-title":"Antenatal and postnatal maternal mental health as determinants of infant neurodevelopment at 18 months of age in a mother\u2013child cohort (Rhea Study) in Crete, Greece","volume":"48","author":"Koutra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1159\/000216539","article-title":"Prenatal stress and neurodevelopment of the child: Focus on the HPA axis and role of the placenta","volume":"31","author":"Glover","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-8606.2008.00077.x","article-title":"Maternal depression: A global threat to children\u2019s health, development, and behavior and to human rights","volume":"3","author":"Wachs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Dev. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/fare.12260","article-title":"Parental pre-and postpartum mental health predicts child mental health and development","volume":"66","author":"Lindblom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fam. Relat."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000390","article-title":"Influence of father\u2013infant relationship on infant development: A father-involvement intervention in Vietnam","volume":"53","author":"Rempel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.3109\/01674829709080700","article-title":"Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in Italy","volume":"18","author":"Carpiniello","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.150.6.782","article-title":"Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale","volume":"150","author":"Cox","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zumbo, B.D., and Chan, E.K.H. (2014). The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS): A review of the reported validity evidence. Validity and Validation in Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences, Springer International.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07794-9"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/02646839008403615","article-title":"Screening for depression during pregnancy with the Edinburgh depression scale (EPDS)","volume":"8","author":"Murray","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Infant Psychol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Spielberger, C.D., Gorsuch, R.L., Lushene, R.E., Vagg, P.R., and Jacobs, G.A. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory: STAI (Form Y), Consulting Psychologists Press."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1958.4.3.351","article-title":"The nature of anxiety: A review of thirteen multivariate analyses comprising 814 variables","volume":"4","author":"Cattell","year":"1958","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Spielberger, C.D., Gorsuch, R.L., and Lushene, R.E. (1968). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Florida State University."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Pedrabissi, L., and Santinello, M. (1989). Inventario per L\u2019ansia di \u00abStato\u00bb e di \u00abTratto\u00bb: Nuova Versione Italiana dello STAI Forma Y: Manuale, Organizzazioni Speciali."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.07.031","article-title":"TEMPS-A (Rome): Psychometric validation of affective temperaments in clinically well subjects in mid- and south Italy","volume":"107","author":"Pompili","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144132","article-title":"Network analysis in public health: History, methods, and applications","volume":"28","author":"Luke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0862-1","article-title":"Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper","volume":"50","author":"Epskamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxm045","article-title":"Sparse inverse covariance estimation with the graphical lasso","volume":"9","author":"Friedman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw055","article-title":"A network approach to psychosis: Pathways between childhood trauma and psychotic symptoms","volume":"43","author":"Isvoranu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2004.11.008","article-title":"Centrality and network flow","volume":"27","author":"Borgatti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1080\/21642850.2018.1521283","article-title":"Network analysis: A brief overview and tutorial","volume":"6","author":"Hevey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000181","article-title":"Identifying highly influential nodes in the complicated grief network","volume":"125","author":"Robinaugh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"RStudio Team (2024, June 03). RStudio: Integrated Development for R. RStudio, PBC, (Version 2022.12.0 \u00fe 353). Available online: http:\/\/www.rstudio.com\/."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001902","article-title":"Consensus Bundle on Maternal Mental Health: Perinatal Depression and Anxiety","volume":"129","author":"Kendig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/02646830500129487","article-title":"Supermum, superwife, supereverything: Performing femininity in the transition to motherhood","volume":"23","author":"Choi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Infant Psychol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2012.01.008","article-title":"Exploring beliefs and expectations about motherhood in Bulgarian mothers: A qualitative study","volume":"29","author":"Staneva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2014.05.003","article-title":"Qualitative insights into women\u2019s personal experiences of perinatal depression and anxiety","volume":"27","author":"Highet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Women Birth"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Colman, A.D., and Colman, L.L. (1971). Pregnancy: The Psychological Experience, Rev. and Expanded, Noonday Press."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S194021","article-title":"Depressive symptoms in pregnant women with high trait and state anxiety during pregnancy and postpartum","volume":"11","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rwakarema, M., Premji, S.S., Nyanza, E.C., Riziki, P., and Palacios-Derflingher, L. (2015). Antenatal depression is associated with pregnancy-related anxiety, partner relations, and wealth in women in Northern Tanzania: A cross-sectional study. BMC Womens Health, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-015-0225-y"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2018.04.001","article-title":"Identification and treatment of peripartum anxiety disorders","volume":"45","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"223","article-title":"Depression in the perinatal period: Awareness, attitudes and knowledge in the Australian population. Australian & New Zealand","volume":"45","author":"Highet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.05.031","article-title":"Cyclothymic temperament and major depressive disorder: A study on Italian patients","volume":"121","author":"Maina","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.09.004","article-title":"Suicidal behaviour in a French Cohort of major depressive patients: Characteristics of attempters and nonattempters","volume":"123","author":"Azorin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2003.09.009","article-title":"Cyclothymic temperament as a prospective predictor of bipolarity and suicidality in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder","volume":"85","author":"Kochman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.11.047","article-title":"Affective temperaments: Familiality and clinical use in mood disorders","volume":"148","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.04.130","article-title":"Effect of affective temperament on illness characteristics of subjects with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder","volume":"334","author":"Simonetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2006.01466.x","article-title":"Putative temperament of patients with generalized anxiety disorder: Two-years\u2019 interval test\u2013retest reliability of a Japanese version of the Generalized Anxious Temperament","volume":"60","author":"Osone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1998.tb05969.x","article-title":"Toward a definition of generalized anxiety disorder as an anxious temperament type","volume":"98","author":"Akiskal","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.9.1272","article-title":"The empirical basis of generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"151","author":"Brown","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasey, M.W., and Dadds, M.R. (2001). The development of generalized anxiety. The Developmental Psychopathology of Anxiety, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/med:psych\/9780195123630.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2004.01.011","article-title":"The proposed factor structure of temperament and personality in Japan: Combining traits from TEMPS-A and MPT","volume":"85","author":"Akiyama","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2011.02227.x","article-title":"Effect of temperaments on quality of life and social adaptation in depressive patients with mood disorder","volume":"65","author":"Takai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1159\/000453583","article-title":"Can we jump from cross-sectional to dynamic interpretations of networks? Implications for the network perspective in psychiatry","volume":"86","author":"Bos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-022-00177-9","article-title":"Critiques of network analysis of multivariate data in psychological science","volume":"2","author":"Neal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primers"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spiller, T.R., Levi, O., Neria, Y., Suarez-Jimenez, B., Bar- Haim, Y., and Lazarov, A. (2020). On the validity of the centrality hypothesis in cross-sectional between-subject networks of psychopathology. BMC Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01740-5"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2021.104330","article-title":"Understanding and managing the threat of common method bias: Detection, prevention and control","volume":"86","author":"Kock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.03.119","article-title":"Exploring the complex interrelation between depressive symptoms, risk, and protective factors: A comprehensive network approach","volume":"355","author":"Iovoli","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/13\/3957\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:10:55Z","timestamp":1760109055000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/13\/3957"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13133957"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13133957","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]]}}}