{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T02:19:25Z","timestamp":1789179565484,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Reelin is a neuropeptide responsible for the migration and positioning of pyramidal neurons, interneurons, and Purkinje cells. In adulthood, it still supports neuroplasticity, especially dendritic spines formation and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Genetic studies have confirmed the involvement of reelin system failure in the etiopathogenesis of mental diseases, including schizophrenia. Given the role of reelin in brain cytoarchitectonics and the regularly observed reduction in its activity in prefrontal areas in cases of schizophrenia, dysfunction of the reelin pathway fits the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia, both as a biochemical predisposition and\/or the ultimate trigger of psychosis and as a biosocial factor determining the clinical course, and finally, as a potential target for disease monitoring and treatment. Aim: The purpose of this study was to examine associations of the reelin blood level with clinical and neurocognitive parameters during an intensive, structured neurofeedback therapy of patients with schizophrenia. Methods: Thirty-seven male patients with paranoid schizophrenia were randomly divided into two groups: a group with 3-month neurofeedback as an add-on to ongoing antipsychotic treatment (NF, N18), and a control group with standard social support and antipsychotic treatment (CON, N19). The reelin serum concentration, clinical and neurocognitive tests were compared between the groups. Results: After 3-month trial (T2), the reelin serum level increased in the NF group vs. the CON group. The negative and general symptoms of PANSS (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) were reduced significantly more in the NF group at T2, and the d2 (d2 Sustained Attention Test) and BCIS (Beck Cognitive Insight Scale) scores improved only in the NF group. The AIS scores improved more dynamically in the NF group, but not enough to differentiate them from the CON group at T2. Conclusions: The clinical and neurocognitive improvement within the 3-month NF add-on therapy trial was associated with a significant increase of reelin serum level in schizophrenia patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13144035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T15:22:05Z","timestamp":1720624925000},"page":"4035","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Neurocognitive, Clinical and Reelin Activity in Rehabilitation Using Neurofeedback Therapy in Patients with Schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Renata","family":"Markiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Therapy Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 7 Chod\u017aki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6266-0261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Markiewicz-Gospodarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Normal, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 4 Jaczewskiego St., 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2656-5398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Trubalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Association at the Department of Normal, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bartosz","family":"\u0141oza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.3360","article-title":"Schizophrenia\u2014An Overview","volume":"77","author":"McCutcheon","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"4488664","article-title":"Improving clinical, cognitive, and psychosocial dysfunctions in patients with schizophrenia: A neurofeedback randomized control trial","volume":"2021","author":"Markiewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nural Plast."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"sgaa005","DOI":"10.1093\/schizbullopen\/sgaa005","article-title":"A systematic review of the potential use of neurofeedback in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"1","author":"Gandara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr. 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