{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T03:52:55Z","timestamp":1784605975354,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dual-Energy computed tomography (DECT) with its various advanced techniques, including Virtual Non-Contrast (VNC), effective atomic number (Z-eff) calculation, Z-maps, Iodine Density Index (IDI), and so on, holds great promise in the diagnosis and management of urogenital tumours. In this narrative review, we analyze the current status of knowledge of this technology to provide better lesion characterization, improve the staging accuracy, and give more precise treatment response assessments in relation to urological tumours.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13144069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T15:59:48Z","timestamp":1720713588000},"page":"4069","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Dual-Energy Computed Tomography in Urological Diseases: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3840-6693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Coppola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, Circolo Hospital, ASST Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, Insubria University, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Tessitore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, Circolo Hospital, ASST Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, Insubria University, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3809-5696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Fontana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, Circolo Hospital, ASST Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, Insubria University, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0756-9967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Piacentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, Circolo Hospital, ASST Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, Insubria University, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Recaldini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, Circolo Hospital, ASST Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, Insubria University, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Minenna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, Circolo Hospital, ASST Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, Insubria University, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Capogrosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Unit, Circolo Hospital, ASST Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7680-0851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Minici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Unit, Dulbecco University Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Lagan\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Unit, Dulbecco University Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4160-8018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Ierardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Unit, IRCCS Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianpaolo","family":"Carrafiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Unit, IRCCS Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9921-6124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"D\u2019Angelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Insubria University, 21100 Varese, Italy"},{"name":"Orthopedic Surgery Unit, ASST Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5260-615X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Carcano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, Insubria University, 21100 Varese, Italy"},{"name":"Emergency and Transplant Surgery Department, ASST Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7133-8509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Maria","family":"Cacioppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Sciences, University Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiological Sciences, University Hospital \u201cAzienda Ospedaliera Universitaria delle Marche\u201d, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0453-5710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Deh\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, Insubria University, 21100 Varese, Italy"},{"name":"Urology Unit, Circolo Hospital, ASST Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Venturini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, Circolo Hospital, ASST Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, Insubria University, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2022.06.016","article-title":"The 2022 World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs-Part A: Renal, Penile, and Testicular Tumours","volume":"82","author":"Moch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2022.07.002","article-title":"The 2022 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs-Part B: Prostate and Urinary Tract Tumors","volume":"82","author":"Netto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2017.18.4.555","article-title":"Dual-Energy CT: New Horizon in Medical Imaging","volume":"18","author":"Goo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1177\/03008916221088883","article-title":"Dual-Energy CT Applications in UrinaryTractCancers: An Update","volume":"109","author":"Bicci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tumori"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"20180546","article-title":"Dual Energy ComputedTomography Virtual Monoenergetic Imaging: Technique and Clinical Applications","volume":"92","author":"Cicero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-022-00302-z","article-title":"Spectral CT in Peritoneal Carcinomatosis from Ovarian Cancer: A Tool for Differential Diagnosis of Small Nodules?","volume":"6","author":"Zorzetto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol. Exp."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-022-00290-0","article-title":"Dual-Layer Spectral CT Fusion Imaging for LungBiopsies: More Accurate Targets, Diagnostic Samplings, and Biomarker Information?","volume":"6","author":"Curti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol. Exp."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2018.07.005","article-title":"Cancer Incidence and Mortality Patterns in Europe: Estimates for 40 Countries and 25 Major Cancers in 2018","volume":"103","author":"Ferlay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2022.08.019","article-title":"Epidemiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma: 2022 Update","volume":"82","author":"Bukavina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.08.036","article-title":"Epidemiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"75","author":"Capitanio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mou.0000178336.94991.17","article-title":"Predicting Outcomes in Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Lane","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Urol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.266065010","article-title":"Common and Uncommon Histologic Subtypes of Renal Cell Carcinoma: Imaging Spectrum with Pathologic Correlation","volume":"26","author":"Prasad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.4329\/wjr.v8.i5.484","article-title":"Review of Renal Cell Carcinoma and Its Common Subtypes in Radiology","volume":"8","author":"Low","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000165341.08396.a9","article-title":"Differentiation of Renal Cell Carcinoma Subtypes by Multislice Computerized Tomography","volume":"174","author":"Sheir","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2004.00907.x","article-title":"Spoke-Wheel-like Enhancement as an Important Imaging Finding of Chromophobe Cell Renal Carcinoma: A Retrospective Analysis on Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies","volume":"11","author":"Kondo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W100","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.18.20527","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of Dual-Energy CT for Evaluation of Renal Masses: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"212","author":"Salameh","year":"2019","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185120903447","article-title":"Differential Diagnosis of Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma and Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma with Dual-Energy Spectral Computed Tomography","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Radiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W22","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.17.18786","article-title":"Single-Acquisition Triple-Bolus Dual-Energy CT Protocol for Comprehensive Evaluation of Renal Masses: A Single-Center Randomized Noninferiority Trial","volume":"211","author":"Manoharan","year":"2018","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.19.21969","article-title":"Iodine Parameters in Triple-Bolus Dual-Energy CT Correlate with Perfusion CT Biomarkers of Angiogenesis in Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"214","author":"Manoharan","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-017-1253-x","article-title":"Differentiation of Renal Cell Carcinoma Subtypes with Different Iodine Quantification Methods Using Single-Phase Contrast-Enhanced Dual-Energy CT: Areal vs. Volumetric Analyses","volume":"43","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Abdom. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-019-02195-w","article-title":"Quantitative Enhancement Thresholds and Machine Learning Algorithms for the Evaluation of Renal Lesions Using Single-Phase Split-Filter Dual-Energy CT","volume":"45","author":"Obmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Abdom. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06590-1","article-title":"Characterization of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma and Other Renal Tumors: Evaluation of Dual-Energy CT Using Material-Specific Iodine and Fat Imaging","volume":"30","author":"Udare","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, B., Wu, Q., Qiu, X., Ding, X., Wang, J., Li, J., Sun, P., and Hu, X. (2021). Effect of Spectral CT on Tumor Microvascular Angiogenesis in Renal Cell Carcinoma. BMC Cancer, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08586-x"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W221","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.16.17325","article-title":"Characterization of Incidental Renal Mass With Dual-Energy CT: Diagnostic Accuracy of Effective Atomic Number Maps for Discriminating Nonenhancing Cysts From Enhancing Masses","volume":"209","author":"Mileto","year":"2017","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bucolo, G.M., Ascenti, V., Barbera, S., Fontana, F., Aric\u00f2, F.M., Piacentino, F., Coppola, A., Cicero, G., Marino, M.A., and Booz, C. (2023). Virtual Non-Contrast Spectral CT in Renal Masses: Is It Time to Discard Conventional Unenhanced Phase?. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12144718"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627.e23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2021.02.033","article-title":"Effect of Radiomics from Different Virtual Monochromatic Images in Dual-Energy Spectral CT on the WHO\/ISUP Classification of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"76","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1177\/02841851211010396","article-title":"Can Radiomic Analysis of a Single-Phase Dual-Energy CT Improve the Diagnostic Accuracy of Differentiating Enhancing from Non-Enhancing Small Renal Lesions?","volume":"63","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Radiol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"EAU Guidelines (2024, January 15). Edn. Presented at the EAU Annual Congress Paris 2024. ISBN 978-94-92671-23-3, Available online: https:\/\/uroweb.org\/guidelines\/renal-cell-carcinoma\/chapter\/citation-information."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-019-02313-7","article-title":"Percutaneous Microwave Ablation Versus Cryoablation in the Treatment of T1a Renal Tumors","volume":"43","author":"Papa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2013.11.022","article-title":"Dual-Energy CT in Assessing Therapeutic Response to Radiofrequency Ablation of Renal Cell Carcinomas","volume":"83","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05900519","article-title":"Epidemiology of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease in Olmsted County","volume":"15","author":"Suwabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"CJASN"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)03495-3","article-title":"Comparison of Phenotypes of Polycystic Kidney Disease Types 1 and 2. European PKD1-PKD2 Study Group","volume":"353","author":"Hateboer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2009.02.078","article-title":"Prevalence of Renal Cell Carcinoma in Patients with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease and Chronic Renal Failure","volume":"74","author":"Hajj","year":"2009","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-012-2481-7","article-title":"Dual Energy CT in Patients with Polycystic Kidney Disease","volume":"22","author":"Arndt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0b013e3181e33189","article-title":"Single-Phase Dual-Energy CT Allows for Characterization of Renal Masses as Benign or Malignant","volume":"45","author":"Graser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Investig. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"IARC, Cancer Today (2024, January 15). Estimated Number of New Cases in 2020, Worldwide, Both Sexes, All Ages. Available online: https:\/\/gco.iarc.fr\/today\/online-analysis-table."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25516","article-title":"Estimates of Worldwide Burden of Cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008","volume":"127","author":"Ferlay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2011.10664.x","article-title":"Evaluation of Diagnostic Strategies for Bladder Cancer Using Computed Tomography (CT) Urography, Flexible Cystoscopy and Voided Urine Cytology: Results for 778 Patients from a Hospital Haematuria Clinic","volume":"110","author":"Blick","year":"2012","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W357","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.13.11145","article-title":"Diagnosis of Urothelial Tumors with a Dedicated Dual-Source Dual-Energy MDCT Protocol: Preliminary Results","volume":"202","author":"Hansen","year":"2014","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2452061060","article-title":"Hematuria: Portal Venous Phase Multi Detector Row CT of the Bladder\u2014A Prospective Study","volume":"245","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12111623","article-title":"Detection of Urothelial Tumors: Comparison of Urothelial Phase with Excretory Phase CT Urography\u2014A Prospective Study","volume":"264","author":"Metser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2019.05.003","article-title":"Low-keV Virtual Monoenergetic Imaging Reconstructions of Excretory Phase Spectral Dual-Energy CT in Patients with Urothelial Carcinoma: A Feasibility Study","volume":"116","author":"Zopfs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2009.07.003","article-title":"Etiology, Epidemiology, and Natural History of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia","volume":"36","author":"Bushman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Urol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)67776-2","article-title":"Correlation between the Structure and Function of the Rabbit Urinary Bladder Following Partial Outlet Obstruction","volume":"163","author":"Gosling","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1102\/1470-7330.2011.0017","article-title":"Urinary Bladder: Normal Appearance and Mimics of Malignancy at CT Urography","volume":"11","author":"Shinagare","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.13.12021","article-title":"Bladder Malignancies on CT: The Underrated Role of CT in Diagnosis","volume":"203","author":"Raman","year":"2014","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2000.00589.x","article-title":"Bladder Cancer Staging","volume":"86","author":"MacVicar","year":"2000","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5705","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005705","article-title":"Application of Dual-Energy Spectral CT Imaging in Differential Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer and Benign Prostate Hyperplasia","volume":"95","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1118\/1.595447","article-title":"Selective Iodine Imaging Using Lanthanum K Fluorescence","volume":"10","author":"Rutt","year":"1983","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00917.x","article-title":"Time Trends in Reported Prevalence of Kidney Stones in the United States: 1976\u2013199411.See Editorial by Goldfarb, p. 1951","volume":"63","author":"Stamatelou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.303095146","article-title":"New and Evolving Concepts in the Imaging and Management of Urolithiasis: Urologists\u2019 Perspective","volume":"30","author":"Kambadakone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(01)01115-3","article-title":"Hounsfield Unit Density in the Determination of Urinary Stone Composition","volume":"58","author":"Motley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1067\/j.cpradiol.2015.04.003","article-title":"Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Characterization of Urinary Calculi: Basic Principles, Applications and Concerns","volume":"44","author":"Mansouri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Diagn. Radiol"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10100249","article-title":"Determination of Renal Stone Composition with Dual-Energy CT: In Vivo Analysis and Comparison with x-Ray Diffraction","volume":"257","author":"Hidas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.13.11911","article-title":"Feasibility of Discriminating Uric Acid from Non-Uric Acid Renal Stones Using Consecutive Spatially Registered Low- and High-Energy Scans Obtained on a Conventional CT Scanner","volume":"204","author":"Leng","year":"2015","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W76","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.5217","article-title":"In Vivo Evaluation of the Chemical Composition of Urinary Stones Using Dual-Energy CT","volume":"197","author":"Manglaviti","year":"2011","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2007.09.016","article-title":"Noninvasive Differentiation of Uric Acid versus Non-Uric Acid Kidney Stones Using Dual-Energy CT","volume":"14","author":"Primak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-009-9569-9","article-title":"In Vivo Identification of Uric Acid Stones with Dual-Energy CT: Diagnostic Performance Evaluation in Patients","volume":"35","author":"Stolzmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Abdom. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2013.12.023","article-title":"Dual-Energy vs Conventional Computed Tomography in Determining Stone Composition","volume":"83","author":"Wisenbaugh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2016.07.016","article-title":"Quantitative Prediction of Stone Fragility From Routine Dual Energy CT: Ex Vivo Proof of Feasibility","volume":"23","author":"Ferrero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e176","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/19566194","article-title":"Evaluation of Virtual Unenhanced CT Obtained from Dual-Energy CT Urography for Detecting Urinary Stones","volume":"85","author":"Moon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.3154","article-title":"Dual-Energy CT Iodine-Subtraction Virtual Unenhanced Technique to Detect Urinary Stones in an Iodine-Filled Collecting System: A Phantom Study","volume":"190","author":"Takahashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10091411","article-title":"Detectability of Urinary Stones on Virtual Nonenhanced Images Generated at Pyelographic-Phase Dual-Energy CT","volume":"256","author":"Takahashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12110851","article-title":"Virtual Nonenhanced Dual-Energy CT Urography with Tin-Filter Technology: Determinants of Detection of Urinary Calculi in the Renal Collecting System","volume":"264","author":"Mangold","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0000000000001157","article-title":"Dual-Energy Computed Tomography for the Diagnosis of Mediastinal Lymph Node Metastasis in Lung Cancer Patients: A Preliminary Study","volume":"45","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.21.26208","article-title":"Dual-Energy CT-Derived Electron Density for Diagnosing Metastatic Mediastinal Lymph Nodes in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Comparison With Conventional CT and FDG PET\/CT Findings","volume":"218","author":"Nagano","year":"2022","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-023-03854-9","article-title":"Added Value of Spectral Parameters in Diagnosing Metastatic Lymph Nodes of pT1-2 Rectal Cancer","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Abdom. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, D., Ni, X., Zhang, X., Yin, H., Zhang, H., Xu, L., Wang, R., and Fan, G. (2022). Multiphase Dual-Energy Spectral CT-Based Deep Learning Method for the Noninvasive Prediction of Head and Neck Lymph Nodes Metastasis in Patients With Papillary Thyroid Cancer. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.869895"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, J., Choi, Y., Jang, J., Shin, N.-Y., Ahn, K.-J., and Kim, B.-S. (2021). Preoperative Assessment of Cervical Lymph Node Metastases in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Incremental Diagnostic Value of Dual-Energy CT Combined with Ultrasound. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261233"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-021-05573-z","article-title":"Deep Learning Radiomics of Dual-Energy Computed Tomography for Predicting Lymph Node Metastases of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma","volume":"49","author":"An","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000003496","article-title":"Lymph Node Assessment in Prostate Cancer: Evaluation of Iodine Quantification With Spectral Detector CT in Correlation to PSMA PET\/CT","volume":"46","author":"Lennartz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-5015-5","article-title":"Metastatic and Non-Metastatic Lymph Nodes: Quantification and Different Distribution of Iodine Uptake Assessed by Dual-Energy CT","volume":"28","author":"Rizzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W17","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.18.20843","article-title":"Preoperative Diagnosis of Regional Lymph Node Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer With Quantitative Parameters From Dual-Energy CT","volume":"213","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2017.08.026","article-title":"Correlations between the Iodine Concentrations from Dual Energy Computed Tomography and Molecular Markers Ki-67 and HIF-1\u03b1 in Rectal Cancer: A Preliminary Study","volume":"96","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"djv155","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv155","article-title":"Investigation of the Lack of Angiogenesis in the Formation of Lymph Node Metastases","volume":"107","author":"Jeong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2014.11.016","article-title":"Evaluation of Dual Energy Spectral CT in Differentiating Metastatic from Non-Metastatic Lymph Nodes in Rectal Cancer: Initial Experience","volume":"84","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-022-04238-z","article-title":"Diagnostic Value of Spiral CT Energy Spectrum Imaging in Lymph Node Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Color. Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-013-3035-3","article-title":"Comparison of Dual-Energy CT-Derived Iodine Content and Iodine Overlay of Normal, Inflammatory and Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cervical Lymph Nodes","volume":"24","author":"Tawfik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, Z., Pang, L., Ding, B., Yan, C., Zhang, H., Du, L., Wang, B., Song, Q., Chen, K., and Yan, F. (2013). Gastric Cancer Staging with Dual Energy Spectral CT Imaging. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053651"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20200340","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20200340","article-title":"Virtual Monoenergetic Images Preserve Diagnostic Assessability in Contrast Media Reduced Abdominal Spectral Detector CT","volume":"93","author":"Lennartz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/14\/4069\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:15:23Z","timestamp":1760109323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/14\/4069"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13144069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13144069","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]]}}}