{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:55:58Z","timestamp":1791309358500,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":300,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,13]],"date-time":"2024-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Universities through the Salvador Madariaga Program for Senior Researchers","award":["PRX22\/00313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRX22\/00313"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is a complex and multifactorial condition without cure at present. The latest treatments, based on anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies, have only a modest effect in reducing the progression of cognitive decline in AD, whereas the possibility of preventing AD has become a crucial area of research. In fact, recent studies have observed a decrease in dementia incidence in developed regions such as the US and Europe. However, these trends have not been mirrored in non-Western countries (Japan or China), and the contributing factors of this reduction remain unclear. The Lancet Commission has delineated a constrained classification of 12 risk factors across different life stages. Nevertheless, the scientific literature has pointed to over 200 factors\u2014including sociodemographic, medical, psychological, and sociocultural conditions\u2014related to the development of dementia\/AD. This narrative review aims to synthesize the risk\/protective factors of dementia\/AD. Essentially, we found that risk\/protective factors vary between individuals and populations, complicating the creation of a unified prevention strategy. Moreover, dementia\/AD explanatory mechanisms involve a diverse array of genetic and environmental factors that interact from the early stages of life. In the future, studies across different population-based cohorts are essential to validate risk\/protective factors of dementia. This evidence would help develop public health policies to decrease the incidence of dementia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13144100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T14:15:49Z","timestamp":1721052949000},"page":"4100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Charting Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Dementia: Epidemiological Insights, Risk Factors and Prevention Pathways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7841-1307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Israel","family":"Contador","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Psychology, Psychobiology, and Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, 37005 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, 17117 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0325-4957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Buch-Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Psychology, Psychobiology, and Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, 37005 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teodoro","family":"del Ser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer Centre Reina Sofia\u2014CIEN Foundation, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Llamas-Velasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6834-7620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Villarejo-Galende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1769-4809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juli\u00e1n","family":"Benito-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e9lix","family":"Bermejo-Pareja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12901","article-title":"The Worldwide Costs of Dementia in 2019","volume":"19","author":"Wimo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12694","article-title":"Global Estimates on the Number of Persons across the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Continuum","volume":"19","author":"Gustavsson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504327","article-title":"Incidence of Dementia over Three Decades in the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"374","author":"Satizabal","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017). Global Action Plan on the Public Health Response to Dementia 2017\u20132025."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019). Risk Reduction of Cognitive Decline and Dementia: WHO Guidelines."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12192","article-title":"Hypothesis: Tau Pathology Is an Initiating Factor in Sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"17","author":"Arnsten","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e318232a379","article-title":"Stages of the Pathologic Process in Alzheimer Disease: Age Categories from 1 to 100 Years","volume":"70","author":"Braak","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e32835a3432","article-title":"Where, When, and in What Form Does Sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Begin?","volume":"25","author":"Braak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2015.06.001","article-title":"Politics of Science: Progress toward Prevention of the Dementia\u2013Alzheimer\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"43\u201344","author":"Khachaturian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00249-8","article-title":"Estimation of the Global Prevalence of Dementia in 2019 and Forecasted Prevalence in 2050: An Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"7","author":"Nichols","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S163649","article-title":"Is Dementia Incidence Declining in High-Income Countries? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Roehr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e519","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010022","article-title":"Twenty-Seven-Year Time Trends in Dementia Incidence in Europe and the United States: The Alzheimer Cohorts Consortium","volume":"95","author":"Wolters","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.63","article-title":"The Changing Prevalence and Incidence of Dementia over Time\u2014Current Evidence","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2011199","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.11199","article-title":"The Enigma of Decreasing Dementia Incidence","volume":"3","author":"Knopman","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6","article-title":"Dementia Prevention, Intervention, and Care: 2020 Report of the Lancet Commission","volume":"396","author":"Livingston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiss, J., Puterman, E., Prather, A.A., Ware, E.B., and Rehkopf, D.H. (2020). A Data-Driven Prospective Study of Dementia among Older Adults in the United States. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239994"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01585-x","article-title":"Identifying Modifiable Factors and Their Joint Effect on Dementia Risk in the UK Biobank","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60461-5","article-title":"A 2 Year Multidomain Intervention of Diet, Exercise, Cognitive Training, and Vascular Risk Monitoring versus Control to Prevent Cognitive Decline in at-Risk Elderly People (FINGER): A Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"385","author":"Ngandu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"29","article-title":"Multidomain Interventions to Prevent Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Dementia: From Finger to World-Wide Fingers","volume":"7","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"117","article-title":"Dementia Prevention: Optimizing the Use of Observational Data for Personal, Clinical, and Public Health Decision-Making","volume":"1","author":"Dacks","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eggink, E., Moll Van Charante, E.P., Van Gool, W.A., and Richard, E. (2019). A Population Perspective on Prevention of Dementia. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8060834"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2022.100576","article-title":"Dementia Prevention in Memory Clinics: Recommendations from the European Task Force for Brain Health Services","volume":"26","author":"Frisoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/alzrt104","article-title":"Dementia Prevention: Current Epidemiological Evidence and Future Perspective","volume":"4","author":"Mangialasche","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maresova, P., Rezny, L., Bauer, P., Valko, M., and Kuca, K. (2024). Nonpharmacological Intervention Therapies for Dementia: Potential Break-Even Intervention Price and Savings for Selected Risk Factors in the European Healthcare System. BMC Public Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18773-7"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"30","article-title":"Declining Prevalence of Dementia in the U.S. Elderly Population","volume":"16","author":"Manton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Gerontol. Uspekhi Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2010.11.002","article-title":"Trends in the Incidence and Prevalence of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, Dementia, and Cognitive Impairment in the United States","volume":"7","author":"Rocca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4806.21.07454-1","article-title":"Decreasing Trend in the Incidence and Prevalence of Dementia: A Systematic Review","volume":"112","author":"Mayer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Minerva Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05259-2","article-title":"Secular Trends of Ischaemic Heart Disease, Stroke, and Dementia in High-Income Countries from 1990 to 2017: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"43","author":"Morovatdar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1159\/000353444","article-title":"Prevalence of Dementia in Japan: A Systematic Review","volume":"36","author":"Okamura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2014.29.7.903","article-title":"Prevalence and Trends of Dementia in Korea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Liu, H., Lu, X.-L., Zhang, B., Weng, W., Yang, J., Zhang, J., and Dong, M.-J. (2019). Prevalence of Dementia in the People\u2019s Republic of China from 1985 to 2015: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis. BMC Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6840-z"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101703","article-title":"Prevalence of Dementia in Latin America and Caribbean Countries: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses Exploring Age, Sex, Rurality, and Education as Possible Determinants","volume":"81","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2008.01.001","article-title":"Trends in the Prevalence and Mortality of Cognitive Impairment in the United States: Is There Evidence of a Compression of Cognitive Morbidity?","volume":"4","author":"Langa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.1964","article-title":"Trends in Dementia Incidence in a Birth Cohort Analysis of the Einstein Aging Study","volume":"74","author":"Derby","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181f0754f","article-title":"Change in Risk of Alzheimer Disease over Time","volume":"75","author":"Hebert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2011.01754.x","article-title":"Incidence and Lifetime Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease in a Southern European Population: Incidence and LTR of Dementia and AD","volume":"124","author":"Lobo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182553be6","article-title":"Is Dementia Incidence Declining? Trends in Dementia Incidence since 1990 in the Rotterdam Study","volume":"78","author":"Schrijvers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713000299","article-title":"Secular Trends in the Prevalence of Dementia and Depression in Swedish Septuagenarians 1976\u20132006","volume":"43","author":"Wiberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2014.73","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Current Trends in Wales","volume":"29","author":"Abdulrahman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oman Med. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.11.001","article-title":"Trends in Dementia Incidence: Evolution over a 10-year Period in France","volume":"12","author":"Grasset","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11398","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11398","article-title":"A Two Decade Dementia Incidence Comparison from the Cognitive Function and Ageing Studies I and II","volume":"7","author":"Matthews","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610216000818","article-title":"Simultaneous Temporal Trends in Dementia Incidence and Prevalence, 2005\u20132013: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study in Saskatchewan, Canada","volume":"28","author":"Kosteniuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150708","article-title":"Cohort Effects in the Prevalence and Survival of People with Dementia in a Rural Area in Northern Sweden","volume":"50","author":"Wimo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"j2856","article-title":"Temporal Trend in Dementia Incidence since 2002 and Projections for Prevalence in England and Wales to 2040: Modelling Study","volume":"358","author":"Bandosz","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2017.02.010","article-title":"Population-based Stroke and Dementia Incidence Trends: Age and Sex Variations","volume":"13","author":"Cerasuolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170300","article-title":"Secular Trends in the Incidence of Dementia in a Multi-Ethnic Community","volume":"60","author":"Noble","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14575","article-title":"Trends in Prevalence of Dementia in French Farmers from Two Epidemiological Cohorts","volume":"65","author":"Brayne","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2018.08.009","article-title":"Racial and Ethnic Differences in Trends in Dementia Prevalence and Risk Factors in the United States","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement. Transl. Res. Clin. Interv."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S82","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbx143","article-title":"The Association of Early Life Factors and Declining Incidence Rates of Dementia in an Elderly Population of African Americans","volume":"73","author":"Hendrie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S178955","article-title":"Thirty-Year Trends in Dementia: A Nationwide Population Study of Swedish Inpatient Records","volume":"10","author":"Seblova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.07.216","article-title":"Prevalence and Incidence of Clinically Diagnosed Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Dementia from 1994 to 2012 in a Population Study","volume":"15","author":"Rajan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gly236","article-title":"Declining Incident Dementia Rates Across Four Population-Based Birth Cohorts","volume":"74","author":"Sullivan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12073","article-title":"Tracing Temporal Trends in Dementia Incidence over 25 Years in Central Stockholm, Sweden","volume":"16","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1177\/08982643211029716","article-title":"Trends in Dementia Prevalence, Incidence, and Mortality in the United States (2000\u20132016)","volume":"34","author":"Farina","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Aging Health"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Bussel, E.F., Richard, E., Arts, D.L., Nooyens, A.C.J., Coloma, P.M., De Waal, M.W.M., Van Den Akker, M., Biermans, M.C.J., Nielen, M.M.J., and Van Boven, K. (2017). Dementia Incidence Trend over 1992\u20132014 in the Netherlands: Analysis of Primary Care Data. PLOS Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002235"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e859","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(23)00214-1","article-title":"Dementia Incidence Trend in England and Wales, 2002\u20132019, and Projection for Dementia Burden to 2040: Analysis of Data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.06.1894","article-title":"Dementia Incidence Declined in African-Americans but Not in Yoruba","volume":"12","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003932","article-title":"Trends in Dementia Prevalence, Incidence, and Survival Rate in a Japanese Community","volume":"88","author":"Ohara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12159","article-title":"Prevalence and Incidence of Dementia in an Older Chinese Population over Two Decades: The Role of Education","volume":"16","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12865","article-title":"Secular Trends in the Prevalence of Dementia Based on a Community-based Complete Enumeration in Japan: The Nakayama Study","volume":"22","author":"Shimizu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105330","article-title":"Trends in Dementia Incidence and Mortality, and Dynamic Changes in Comorbidity and Healthcare Utilization from 2004 to 2017: A Taiwan National Cohort Study","volume":"121","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61752-3","article-title":"The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease: A Historical Perspective","volume":"383","author":"Mahmood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brandes, N., Weissbrod, O., and Linial, M. (2022). Open Problems in Human Trait Genetics. Genome Biol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-022-02697-9"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830150090013","article-title":"The Role of Heredity in Late-Onset Alzheimer Disease and Vascular Dementia: A Twin Study","volume":"54","author":"Bergem","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nordestgaard, L.T., Christoffersen, M., and Frikke-Schmidt, R. (2022). Shared Risk Factors between Dementia and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179777"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Turnpenny, P.D., Ellard, S., and Cleaver, R. (2022). Emery\u2019s Elements of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Elsevier. [16th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.221","article-title":"Autosomal Recessive Causes Likely in Early-Onset Alzheimer Disease","volume":"69","author":"Wingo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-021-00452-5","article-title":"Protective Genes and Pathways in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Moving towards Precision Interventions","volume":"16","author":"Seto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02931-w","article-title":"APOE4 Homozygozity Represents a Distinct Genetic Form of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"30","author":"Fortea","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0611-3","article-title":"Resistance to Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer\u2019s Disease in an APOE3 Christchurch Homozygote: A Case Report","volume":"25","author":"Lopera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, E., Leonenko, G., Schmidt, K.M., Hill, M., Myers, A.J., Shoai, M., De Rojas, I., Tesi, N., Holstege, H., and Van Der Flier, W.M. (2023). What Does Heritability of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Represent?. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281440"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.2.168","article-title":"Role of Genes and Environments for Explaining Alzheimer Disease","volume":"63","author":"Gatz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00714-w","article-title":"Gene\u2013Environment Interactions in Alzheimer Disease: The Emerging Role of Epigenetics","volume":"18","author":"Migliore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2018.02.007","article-title":"Understanding Alzheimer Disease at the Interface between Genetics and Transcriptomics","volume":"34","author":"Verheijen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.06.018","article-title":"Gene-by-Environment Interactions in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"103","author":"Dunn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcab308","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab308","article-title":"Measuring Heritable Contributions to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Polygenic Risk Score Analysis with Twins","volume":"4","author":"Karlsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30435-1","article-title":"Interpretation of Risk Loci from Genome-Wide Association Studies of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"19","author":"Andrews","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.3536","article-title":"Novel Alzheimer Disease Risk Loci and Pathways in African American Individuals Using the African Genome Resources Panel: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"78","author":"Kunkle","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.05.014","article-title":"Untangling Genetic Risk for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"83","author":"Pimenova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2011.02.002","article-title":"Estimating Missing Heritability for Disease from Genome-Wide Association Studies","volume":"88","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12882","article-title":"Genomic Mechanisms in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"30","author":"Bertram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01024-z","article-title":"New Insights into the Genetic Etiology of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Related Dementias","volume":"54","author":"Bellenguez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000001495","article-title":"Relationships between Multiple Dimensions of Insight and Neurocognition, Metacognition, and Social Cognition: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"210","author":"Gan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.22459","article-title":"Clarifying the Causes of Consistent and Inconsistent Findings in Genetics","volume":"46","author":"Dattani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-0353-1","article-title":"Tutorial: A Guide to Performing Polygenic Risk Score Analyses","volume":"15","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.9879","article-title":"Association of Lifestyle and Genetic Risk with Incidence of Dementia","volume":"322","author":"Lourida","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2021-327396","article-title":"Frailty, Lifestyle, Genetics and Dementia Risk","volume":"93","author":"Ward","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.248","article-title":"Validation of a Polygenic Risk Score for Dementia in Black and White Individuals","volume":"4","author":"Marden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"International Genomics of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Consortium (IGAP), Jones, L., Lambert, J., Wang, L., Choi, S., Harold, D., Vedernikov, A., Escott-Price, V., Stone, T., and Richards, A. (2015). Convergent Genetic and Expression Data Implicate Immunity in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Alzheimers Dement., 11, 658\u2013671."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32499","article-title":"Genomic Variants, Genes, and Pathways of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: An Overview","volume":"174","author":"Naj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200.e13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2016.02.024","article-title":"Assessment of the Genetic Variance of Late-Onset Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"41","author":"Ridge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)90710-1","article-title":"Weight in infancy and death from ischaemic heart disease","volume":"334","author":"Barker","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"199","article-title":"The Barker Hypothesis: How Pediatricans Will Diagnose and Prevent Common Adult-Onset Diseases","volume":"120","author":"Dover","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000191","article-title":"Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: A Paradigm for Understanding Disease Cause and Prevention","volume":"27","author":"Heindel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wad.0000201854.62116.d7","article-title":"Early-Life Risk Factors for Alzheimer Disease","volume":"20","author":"Borenstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Bermejo-Pareja, F. (2018). Alzheimer: Prevention from Childhood, LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e042078","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042078","article-title":"Cohort Profile: The Dutch Famine Birth Cohort (DFBC)\u2014A Prospective Birth Cohort Study in the Netherlands","volume":"11","author":"Bleker","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbt126","article-title":"Early Life Development in a Multiethnic Sample and the Relation to Late Life Cognition","volume":"70","author":"Melrose","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.014209","article-title":"Early-Life Nutritional Programming of Cognition\u2014The Fundamental Role of Epigenetic Mechanisms in Mediating the Relation between Early-Life Environment and Learning and Memory Process","volume":"8","author":"Moody","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"gbad142","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbad142","article-title":"Very Early-Life Risk Factors for Developing Dementia: Evidence from Full Population Registers","volume":"78","author":"Fischer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000311444.20490.98","article-title":"Knee Height and Arm Span: A Reflection of Early Life Environment and Risk of Dementia","volume":"70","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.08.014","article-title":"Maternal Substance Use during Pregnancy and Offspring Conduct Problems: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"84","author":"Ruisch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2015_416","article-title":"Early-life toxic insults and onset of sporadic neurodegenerative diseases\u2014An overview of experimental studies","volume":"Volume 29","author":"Kostrzewa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurotoxin Modeling of Brain Disorders\u2014Life-Long Outcomes in Behavioral Teratology"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180856","article-title":"Early-Life Risk Factors for Dementia and Cognitive Impairment in Later Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"1","article-title":"Elevated Blood Homocysteine and Risk of Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Based on Prospective Studies","volume":"8","author":"Zuin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16881","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009459107","article-title":"Prenatal Undernutrition and Cognitive Function in Late Adulthood","volume":"107","author":"Wouters","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2019.06.012","article-title":"Late-Life Brain Perfusion after Prenatal Famine Exposure","volume":"82","author":"Mutsaerts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.10.047","article-title":"Premature Brain Aging in Humans Exposed to Maternal Nutrient Restriction during Early Gestation","volume":"173","author":"Franke","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiegersma, A.M., Boots, A., Langendam, M.W., Limpens, J., Shenkin, S.D., Korosi, A., Roseboom, T.J., and De Rooij, S.R. (2023). Do Prenatal Factors Shape the Risk for Dementia? A Systematic Review of the Epidemiological Evidence for the Prenatal Origins of Dementia. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-023-02471-7"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boots, A., Wiegersma, A.M., Vali, Y., Van Den Hof, M., Langendam, M.W., Limpens, J., Backhouse, E.V., Shenkin, S.D., Wardlaw, J.M., and Roseboom, T.J. (2023). Shaping the Risk for Late-Life Neurodegenerative Disease: A Systematic Review on Prenatal Risk Factors for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease-Related Volumetric Brain Biomarkers. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 146.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.105019"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.07.065","article-title":"The Neuroprotective Effects of Experience on Cognitive Functions: Evidence from Animal Studies on the Neurobiological Bases of Brain Reserve","volume":"370","author":"Gelfo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31363-6","article-title":"Dementia Prevention, Intervention, and Care","volume":"390","author":"Livingston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.10.026","article-title":"Mechanisms Mediating Brain and Cognitive Reserve: Experience-Dependent Neuroprotection and Functional Compensation in Animal Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"35","author":"Nithianantharajah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"1299","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Modifiable Risk Factors for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"86","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1988.tb06336.x","article-title":"The Risk Factors for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Review and a Hypothesis","volume":"78","author":"Henderson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/20.Supplement_2.S4","article-title":"Risk Factors for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Overview of the EURODEM Collaborative Re-Analysis of Case-Control Studies","volume":"20","author":"Stijnen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2920","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012067","article-title":"Mediterranean Diet, Alzheimer Disease Biomarkers, and Brain Atrophy in Old Age","volume":"96","author":"Ballarini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.06.001","article-title":"Preventing Dementia by Preventing Stroke: The Berlin Manifesto","volume":"15","author":"Hachinski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12989","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12989","article-title":"Association of Anthropometry and Weight Change with Risk of Dementia and Its Major Subtypes: A Meta-analysis Consisting 2.8 Million Adults with 57 294 Cases of Dementia","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610209991189","article-title":"Systematic Review of Health Behavioral Risks and Cognitive Health in Older Adults","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00258","article-title":"Systematic Review: Factors Associated with Risk for and Possible Prevention of Cognitive Decline in Later Life","volume":"153","author":"Plassman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac392","article-title":"Educational Attainment, Structural Brain Reserve and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis","volume":"146","author":"Seyedsalehi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e94","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00277-2","article-title":"Forecasting the Prevalence of Dementia","volume":"7","author":"Schwarzinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2021.05.006","article-title":"Modifiable Risk Factors in Alzheimer Disease and Related Dementias: A Review","volume":"43","author":"Litke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.24.100901.141015","article-title":"Will a Healthy Lifestyle Help Prevent Alzheimer\u2019s Disease?","volume":"24","author":"Pope","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.25.101802.122951","article-title":"Can Dementia Be Prevented? Brain Aging in a Population-Based Context","volume":"25","author":"Haan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.11.014","article-title":"Alzheimer Disease Is Substantially Preventable in the United States -- Review of Risk Factors, Therapy, and the Prospects for an Expert Software System","volume":"64","author":"Jansson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2009.201","article-title":"Promising Strategies for the Prevention of Dementia","volume":"66","author":"Middleton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c3885","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c3885","article-title":"Designing Prevention Programmes to Reduce Incidence of Dementia: Prospective Cohort Study of Modifiable Risk Factors","volume":"341","author":"Ritchie","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70072-2","article-title":"The Projected Impact of Risk Factor Reduction on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Prevalence","volume":"10","author":"Barnes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318225c6bc","article-title":"Nontraditional Risk Factors Combine to Predict Alzheimer Disease and Dementia","volume":"77","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-012-0313-2","article-title":"Development of a New Method for Assessing Global Risk of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease for Use in Population Health Approaches to Prevention","volume":"14","author":"Anstey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev. Sci."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-132225","article-title":"Modifiable Lifestyle Factors in Dementia: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Observational Cohort Studies","volume":"42","author":"Marzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"189","article-title":"Bridging the Translation Gap: From Dementia Risk Assessment to Advice on Risk Reduction","volume":"2","author":"Anstey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.05.016","article-title":"Summary of the Evidence on Modifiable Risk Factors for Cognitive Decline and Dementia: A Population-based Perspective","volume":"11","author":"Baumgart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4245","article-title":"Target Risk Factors for Dementia Prevention: A Systematic Review and Delphi Consensus Study on the Evidence from Observational Studies: Major Risk Factors for Dementia Prevention","volume":"30","author":"Deckers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"164","article-title":"Population Attributable Fraction of Modifiable Risk Factors for Alzheimer Disease: A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews","volume":"15","author":"Hazar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Killin, L.O.J., Starr, J.M., Shiue, I.J., and Russ, T.C. (2016). Environmental Risk Factors for Dementia: A Systematic Review. BMC Geriatr., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-016-0342-y"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00092-7","article-title":"Dementia in Western Europe: Epidemiological Evidence and Implications for Policy Making","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.07.152","article-title":"Systematic Evaluation of the Associations between Environmental Risk Factors and Dementia: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses","volume":"13","author":"Bellou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622317712442","article-title":"Strategies for Dementia Prevention: Latest Evidence and Implications","volume":"8","author":"Rakesh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180288","article-title":"Does Treating Vascular Risk Factors Prevent Dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"64","author":"Larsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S165","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190181","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses That Evaluate Risk Factors for Dementia to Evaluate the Quantity, Quality, and Global Representativeness of Evidence","volume":"70","author":"Anstey","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.5114\/fn.2019.85929","article-title":"Risk Factors for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"57","author":"Armstrong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Folia Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edwards Iii, G.A., Gamez, N., Escobedo, G., Calderon, O., and Moreno-Gonzalez, I. (2019). Modifiable Risk Factors for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Front. Aging Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00146"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e022846","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022846","article-title":"Combining Modifiable Risk Factors and Risk of Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Peters","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rochoy, M., Bordet, R., Gautier, S., and Chazard, E. (2019). Factors Associated with the Onset of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Data Mining in the French Nationwide Discharge Summary Database between 2008 and 2014. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220174"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-321913","article-title":"Evidence-Based Prevention of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 243 Observational Prospective Studies and 153 Randomised Controlled Trials","volume":"91","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2020.04.006","article-title":"Contributions of Modifiable Risk Factors to Dementia Incidence: A Bayesian Network Analysis","volume":"21","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuo, C.-Y., Stachiv, I., and Nikolai, T. (2020). Association of Late Life Depression, Non-Modifiable Risk and Protective Factors with Dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Literature Review on Current Evidences, Preventive Interventions and Possible Future Trends in Prevention and Treatment of Dementia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17207475"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-020-00661-y","article-title":"Estimating the Potential for Dementia Prevention through Modifiable Risk Factors Elimination in the Real-World Setting: A Population-Based Study","volume":"12","author":"Rolandi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1159\/000536643","article-title":"Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors for Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment: An Umbrella Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"53","author":"Jones","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e406","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(24)00061-8","article-title":"Population Attributable Fractions of Modifiable Risk Factors for Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"5","author":"Stephan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j5375","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j5375","article-title":"Modifiable Pathways in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Mendelian Randomisation Analysis","volume":"359","author":"Larsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70136-X","article-title":"Potential for Primary Prevention of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: An Analysis of Population-Based Data","volume":"13","author":"Norton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205012666150324181327","article-title":"Childhood and Adulthood Rural Residence Increases the Risk of Dementia: NEDICES Study","volume":"12","author":"Contador","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dyw008","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw008","article-title":"Childhood School Performance, Education and Occupational Complexity: A Life-Course Study of Dementia in the Kungsholmen Project","volume":"45","author":"Dekhtyar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-004-0084-7","article-title":"Cognitive Reserve: Implications for Diagnosis and Prevention of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"4","author":"Scarmeas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wad.0000213815.20177.19","article-title":"Cognitive Reserve and Alzheimer Disease","volume":"20","author":"Stern","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X14666160412150223","article-title":"The Long Run: Neuroprotective Effects of Physical Exercise on Adult Neurogenesis from Youth to Old Age","volume":"15","author":"Saraulli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2217\/17460751.1.1.15","article-title":"Adult Neurogenesis and Neurodegenerative Disease","volume":"1","author":"Steiner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-014-8720-y","article-title":"Cognitive Reserve and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"51","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-55231-6_24","article-title":"Environmental enrichment induces increased cerebral capillary density and improved cognitive function in mice","volume":"Volume 977","author":"Halpern","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxygen Transport to Tissue XXXIX"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.02.006","article-title":"Frontotemporal Dysregulation of the SNARE Protein Interactome Is Associated with Faster Cognitive Decline in Old Age","volume":"114","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_165","first-page":"487","article-title":"Dendritic Spines: Mediators of Cognitive Resilience in Aging and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"27","author":"Walker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.06.053","article-title":"Relationships between Years of Education and Gray Matter Volume, Metabolism and Functional Connectivity in Healthy Elders","volume":"83","author":"Landeau","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-141824","article-title":"The Impact of Cognitive Reserve on Brain Functional Connectivity in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"44","author":"Bozzali","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1610909114","article-title":"The Impact of Bilingualism on Brain Reserve and Metabolic Connectivity in Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia","volume":"114","author":"Perani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-020-09440-w","article-title":"The Effects of Cognitive Training on Brain Network Activity and Connectivity in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review","volume":"30","author":"Berendse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2022.05.012","article-title":"Cognitive Reserve, Neurocognitive Performance, and High-Order Resting-State Networks in Cognitively Unimpaired Aging","volume":"117","author":"Pereiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_171","first-page":"e12466","article-title":"Trends in the Incidence of Dementia in People with Hypertension in the UK 2000 to 2021","volume":"15","author":"Adesuyan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement. Diagn. Assess. Dis. Monit."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190474","article-title":"Midlife Hypertension and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"71","author":"Lennon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31822708b5","article-title":"The Association Between Blood Pressure and Incident Alzheimer Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"22","author":"Power","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-015-0230-6","article-title":"Antihypertensive Drugs, Prevention of Cognitive Decline and Dementia: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies, Randomized Controlled Trials and Meta-Analyses, with Discussion of Potential Mechanisms","volume":"29","author":"Rouch","year":"2015","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2021.03.002","article-title":"Hypertension-Related Risk for Dementia: A Summary Review with Future Directions","volume":"116","author":"Daugherty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpv180","article-title":"Hypertension and Its Role in Cognitive Function: Current Evidence and Challenges for the Future","volume":"29","author":"Hughes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.146554","article-title":"Elevated Serum TC and LDL-C Levels in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Meta-Analysis Study","volume":"1727","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2015.03.010","article-title":"Associations Between Ankle-Brachial Index and Cognitive Function: Results from the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders Trial","volume":"16","author":"Espeland","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.03.024","article-title":"Ankle-Brachial Index as a Marker of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in General Population. A Systematic Review","volume":"216","author":"Guerchet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e426","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2010.00825.x","article-title":"Body Mass Index in Midlife and Late-Life as a Risk Factor for Dementia: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies: BMI and Risk of Dementia","volume":"12","author":"Anstey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2019.02.006","article-title":"Hyperhomocysteinemia and Risk of Incident Cognitive Outcomes: An Updated Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies","volume":"51","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-022-00514-6","article-title":"Handgrip Strength and Risk of Cognitive Outcomes: New Prospective Study and Meta-Analysis of 16 Observational Cohort Studies","volume":"44","author":"Kunutsor","year":"2022","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2021.03.020","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome and the Risk of Late Onset Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: An Updated Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"31","author":"Zuin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l4414","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4414","article-title":"Association of Ideal Cardiovascular Health at Age 50 with Incidence of Dementia: 25 Year Follow-up of Whitehall II Cohort Study","volume":"366","author":"Sabia","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_185","first-page":"l1495","article-title":"Physical Inactivity, Cardiometabolic Disease, and Risk of Dementia: An Individual-Participant Meta-Analysis","volume":"365","author":"Pentti","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2020.1758888","article-title":"Body Mass Index and Risk of Parkinson, Alzheimer, Dementia, and Dementia Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose\u2013Response Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies among 5 Million Participants","volume":"25","author":"Rahmani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205018666210414112723","article-title":"Weight Loss and the Risk of Dementia: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxs012","article-title":"Type 2 Diabetes as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: The Confounders, Interactions, and Neuropathology Associated with This Relationship","volume":"35","author":"Vagelatos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318227b227","article-title":"Midlife Vascular Risk Factor Exposure Accelerates Structural Brain Aging and Cognitive Decline","volume":"77","author":"Debette","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz100","article-title":"Associations between Vascular Risk Factors and Brain MRI Indices in UK Biobank","volume":"40","author":"Cox","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2017.07.755","article-title":"Concomitant Vascular and Neurodegenerative Pathologies Double the Risk of Dementia","volume":"14","author":"Azarpazhooh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2021.100068","article-title":"Vascular Risk Is Not Associated with PET Measures of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuropathology among Cognitively Normal Older Adults","volume":"1","author":"Bilgel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage Rep."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-020-01648-9","article-title":"The Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"58","author":"You","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2009-1011","article-title":"Risk of Incident Alzheimer\u2019s Disease in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review of Prospective Trials","volume":"16","author":"Kopf","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.02.013","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Risk with Obesity, Diabetes, and Related Disorders","volume":"67","author":"Profenno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2016.10.024","article-title":"An Updated Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies: Diabetes and Risk of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"124","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.14070878","article-title":"Modifiable Predictors of Dementia in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"172","author":"Cooper","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-191068","article-title":"Diabetes Mellitus Increases Risk of Incident Dementia in APOE \u03b54 Carriers: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"74","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2017.2513","article-title":"Association of Age-Related Hearing Loss with Cognitive Function, Cognitive Impairment, and Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"144","author":"Loughrey","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol. Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002415","article-title":"Age-Related Hearing Loss Is Strongly Associated with Cognitive Decline Regardless of the APOE4 Polymorphism","volume":"40","author":"Morita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.08.003","article-title":"How Can Hearing Loss Cause Dementia?","volume":"108","author":"Griffiths","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2019.1610","article-title":"Association of Midlife Hearing Impairment with Late-Life Temporal Lobe Volume Loss","volume":"145","author":"Armstrong","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol. Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.14639\/0392-100X-993","article-title":"Ipoacusia e Declino Cognitivo: Revisione Della Letteratura","volume":"36","author":"Fortunato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol. ital."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2018.08.010","article-title":"Age-Related Hearing Loss and Cognitive Decline\u2014The Potential Mechanisms Linking the Two","volume":"46","author":"Uchida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Auris. Nasus. Larynx"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.7.857","article-title":"Head Injury as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: The Evidence 10 Years on; a Partial Replication","volume":"74","author":"Fleminger","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1159\/000520966","article-title":"Traumatic Brain Injury and Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"56","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-161002","article-title":"What Is the Relationship of Traumatic Brain Injury to Dementia?","volume":"57","author":"Mendez","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.2.JNS14503","article-title":"Association of Traumatic Brain Injury with Subsequent Neurological and Psychiatric Disease: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"124","author":"Perry","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.1948","article-title":"Association of Traumatic Brain Injury with Late-Life Neurodegenerative Conditions and Neuropathologic Findings","volume":"73","author":"Crane","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.8.5.743","article-title":"Vascular Risk Factors and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"8","author":"Cechetto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16385","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95821-x","article-title":"Incident Stroke in Patients with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Pinho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.31.7.1494","article-title":"Poststroke Dementia: Clinical Features and Risk Factors","volume":"31","author":"Barba","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1159\/000047642","article-title":"Prestroke Dementia","volume":"11","author":"Barba","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-021-02065-w","article-title":"Migraine and the Risk of Dementia: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review","volume":"34","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-022-02118-8","article-title":"Late-Onset Epilepsy and the Risk of Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"34","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"gps.5723","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5723","article-title":"Bidirectional Influences between Seizures and Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altuna, M., Olmedo-Saura, G., Carmona-Iragui, M., and Fortea, J. (2022). Mechanisms Involved in Epileptogenesis in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Their Therapeutic Implications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202203.0180.v1"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.118307","article-title":"Late-Life Depression and Risk of Vascular Dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Community-Based Cohort Studies","volume":"202","author":"Diniz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101575","article-title":"Depression and Bone Loss as Risk Factors for Cognitive Decline: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"76","author":"Mehta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_220","first-page":"493","article-title":"Depresi\u00f3n tard\u00eda cl\u00ednicamente relevante y riesgo de demencia: Revisi\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica y metaan\u00e1lisis de estudios prospectivos de cohortes","volume":"68","author":"Olaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00579-9","article-title":"Precision Psychiatry: A Neural Circuit Taxonomy for Depression and Anxiety","volume":"3","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867414557161","article-title":"Amyloid-Beta and Depression in Healthy Older Adults: A Systematic Review","volume":"49","author":"Harrington","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Cai, W.-J., Tian, Y., Ma, Y.-H., Dong, Q., Tan, L., and Yu, J.-T. (2021). Associations of Anxiety with Amyloid, Tau, and Neurodegeneration in Older Adults without Dementia: A Longitudinal Study. J. Alzheimers Dis., 82, 273\u2013283.","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210020"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0214-2","article-title":"Association of Anxiety with Subcortical Amyloidosis in Cognitively Normal Older Adults","volume":"25","author":"Hanseeuw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2018.173","article-title":"Anxiety as a Risk Factor of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Vascular Dementia","volume":"213","author":"Becker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-022-01385-1","article-title":"Is Stress an Overlooked Risk Factor for Dementia? A Systematic Review from a Lifespan Developmental Perspective","volume":"24","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prev. Sci."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsw032","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsw032","article-title":"Sleep, Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"40","author":"Bubu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-017-1527-0","article-title":"A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Sleep Duration and the Occurrence of Cognitive Disorders","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22354-2","article-title":"Association of Sleep Duration in Middle and Old Age with Incidence of Dementia","volume":"12","author":"Sabia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Garc\u00eda, S., Lage, C., Pozueta, A., Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez, M., Kazimierczak, M., Fern\u00e1ndez-Rodr\u00edguez, A., Bravo, M., Reyes-Gonz\u00e1lez, L., Irure, J., and L\u00f3pez-Hoyos, M. (2021). Sleep Time Estimated by an Actigraphy Watch Correlates with CSF Tau in Cognitively Unimpaired Elders: The Modulatory Role of APOE. Front. Aging Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.663446"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2023.01.020","article-title":"Prevalence of Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders and Associated Risk Factors among People with Dementia: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"103","author":"Aini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.06.010","article-title":"Sleep Disturbances Increase the Risk of Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"40","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13258","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13258","article-title":"Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia Induces Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Brain Regions Associated with Early-Stage Neurodegeneration","volume":"5","author":"Snyder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16072","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16072","article-title":"Frailty Is Associated with the Clinical Expression of Neuropsychological Deficits in Older Adults","volume":"31","author":"Canevelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Chanes, R.E., Avila-Funes, J.A., Borda, M.G., P\u00e9rez-Zepeda, M.U., and Guti\u00e9rrez-Robledo, L.M. (2023). Higher Frailty Levels Are Associated with Lower Cognitive Test Scores in a Multi-Country Study: Evidence from the Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health. Front. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1166365"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-021-02045-0","article-title":"The Health Status: The Ignored Risk Factor in Dementia Incidence. NEDICES Cohort","volume":"34","author":"Contador","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12027","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.12027","article-title":"Shared Mechanisms for Cognitive Impairment and Physical Frailty: A Model for Complex Systems","volume":"6","author":"Sargent","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement. Transl. Res. Clin. Interv."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30371-5","article-title":"Investigation of Frailty as a Moderator of the Relationship between Neuropathology and Dementia in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Data from the Rush Memory and Aging Project","volume":"18","author":"Wallace","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-015-0029-2","article-title":"Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Dementia up to 27 Years Later in a Large, Population-Based Sample: The HUNT Study, Norway","volume":"30","author":"Langballe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-230181","article-title":"Alcohol Use Disorder as a Risk Factor for Cognitive Impairment","volume":"94","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-018-0453-0","article-title":"Alcohol Use and Dementia: A Systematic Scoping Review","volume":"11","author":"Rehm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0225-3","article-title":"Alcohol Consumption and Dementia Risk: A Dose\u2013Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies","volume":"32","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000180520.35181.24","article-title":"Alcohol Consumption and Cognitive Function in Late Life: A Longitudinal Community Study","volume":"65","author":"Ganguli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07493-7","article-title":"Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Dementia: The Rotterdam Study","volume":"359","author":"Ruitenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14357","article-title":"Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Dose\u2013Response Meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_246","unstructured":"(2023, September 28). Overview\u2014Dementia, Disability and Frailty in Later Life\u2014Mid-Life Approaches to Delay or Prevent Onset\u2014Guidance\u2014NICE. Available online: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng16."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000859","article-title":"Smoking and Risk for Alzheimer Disease: A Meta-Analysis Based on Both Case-Control and Cohort Study","volume":"206","author":"Niu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, G., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Guo, J.J., and Zhao, Y. (2015). Smoking Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Dementia: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies with Investigation of Potential Effect Modifiers. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118333"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2018777","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.18777","article-title":"Association of Cigarette Smoking with Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Neurodegeneration, Neuroinflammation, and Oxidation","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205015666180427142350","article-title":"Dietary Fat Intake and Risk of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Dementia: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies","volume":"15","author":"Ruan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205018666211215152411","article-title":"Modifiable Risk Factors for Dementia: The Role of Gut Microbiota","volume":"18","author":"Cabrera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aridi, Y., Walker, J., and Wright, O. (2017). The Association between the Mediterranean Dietary Pattern and Cognitive Health: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9070674"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-019-03976-3","article-title":"Dietary Pattern in Relation to the Risk of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review","volume":"40","author":"Samadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuac114","article-title":"Association between Animal Protein Sources and Risk of Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis","volume":"81","author":"Talebi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170248","article-title":"Relationships of Dietary Patterns, Foods, and Micro- and Macronutrients with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Late-Life Cognitive Disorders: A Systematic Review","volume":"59","author":"Solfrizzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro1044","article-title":"Fish Consumption, Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Risk of Cognitive Decline or Alzheimer Disease: A Complex Association","volume":"5","author":"Fotuhi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-120349","article-title":"Dietary Intakes of Vitamin E, Vitamin C, and \u03b2-Carotene and Risk of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000755","article-title":"Vitamin D and the Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer Disease","volume":"83","author":"Littlejohns","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_259","first-page":"14","article-title":"Association of Vitamin D Levels with Incident All Cause Dementia in Longitudinal Observational Studies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"7","author":"Kalra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chai, B., Gao, F., Wu, R., Dong, T., Gu, C., Lin, Q., and Zhang, Y. (2019). Vitamin D Deficiency as a Risk Factor for Dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: An Updated Meta-Analysis. BMC Neurol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-019-1500-6"},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2018.1436639","article-title":"Vitamin D Status and Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Dose-Response","volume":"22","author":"Jayedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-015-0063-7","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency Is Associated with Increased Risk of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Dementia: Evidence from Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2017.03.006","article-title":"Risk Factors Associated with the Onset and Progression of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review of the Evidence","volume":"61","author":"Hersi","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroToxicology"},{"key":"ref_264","first-page":"e1298","article-title":"Midlife Cardiovascular Fitness and Dementia: A 44-Year Longitudinal Population Study in Women","volume":"90","author":"Johansson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005282","article-title":"Fitness and Dementia Risk: Further Evidence of the Heart-Brain Connection","volume":"90","author":"Spartano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2023.112246","article-title":"Differentiating the Influence of Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity on Brain Health in Late Adulthood","volume":"180","author":"Collins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dorsman, K.A., Weiner-Light, S., Staffaroni, A.M., Brown, J.A., Wolf, A., Cobigo, Y., Walters, S., Kramer, J.H., and Casaletto, K.B. (2020). Get Moving! Increases in Physical Activity Are Associated with Increasing Functional Connectivity Trajectories in Typically Aging Adults. Front. Aging Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00104"},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-072720-014213","article-title":"Cognitive Aging and the Promise of Physical Activity","volume":"18","author":"Erickson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.18140","article-title":"Social Isolation and 9-year Dementia Risk in community-dwelling Medicare Beneficiaries in the United States","volume":"71","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S119","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180501","article-title":"Social Isolation and Cognitive Function in Later Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"70","author":"Evans","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210246","article-title":"Sex Difference in the Relation Between Marital Status and Dementia Risk in Two Population-Based Cohorts","volume":"83","author":"Najar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200121","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.0121","article-title":"Associations of Widowhood and \u03b2-Amyloid with Cognitive Decline in Cognitively Unimpaired Older Adults","volume":"3","author":"Biddle","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610213002652","article-title":"The Relationship between Marital and Parental Status and the Risk of Dementia","volume":"26","author":"Westerlund","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.3233\/ADR-230011","article-title":"The Impact of Loneliness and Social Isolation on Cognitive Aging: A Narrative Review","volume":"7","author":"Guarnera","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01058-7","article-title":"Neurobiology of Loneliness: A Systematic Review","volume":"46","author":"Lam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190331","article-title":"Air Pollution, Combustion and Friction Derived Nanoparticles, and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease in Urban Children and Young Adults","volume":"70","author":"Kulesza","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e022404","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022404","article-title":"Are Noise and Air Pollution Related to the Incidence of Dementia? A Cohort Study in London, England","volume":"8","author":"Carey","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-140855","article-title":"Ozone, Particulate Matter, and Newly Diagnosed Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Taiwan","volume":"44","author":"Jung","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, S., Huang, X., Zhang, L., Ling, Y., Tan, S., Peng, M., Xu, A., and Lyu, J. (2023). Associations of Air Pollution with All-Cause Dementia, Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, and Vascular Dementia: A Prospective Cohort Study Based on 437,932 Participants from the UK Biobank. Front. Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1216686"},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, B., Weuve, J., Langa, K.M., D\u2019Souza, J., Szpiro, A., Faul, J., Mendes De Leon, C., Gao, J., Kaufman, J.D., and Sheppard, L. (2023). Comparison of Particulate Air Pollution from Different Emission Sources and Incident Dementia in the US. JAMA Intern. Med.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.3300"},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S145","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180631","article-title":"Air Pollution and Dementia: A Systematic Review","volume":"70","author":"Peters","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-018-1598-7","article-title":"Primary Prevention of Dementia: From Modifiable Risk Factors to a Public Brain Health Agenda?","volume":"53","author":"Hussenoeder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2017.09.006","article-title":"Multidomain Lifestyle Intervention Benefits a Large Elderly Population at Risk for Cognitive Decline and Dementia Regardless of Baseline Characteristics: The FINGER Trial","volume":"14","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30040-6","article-title":"Effect of Long-Term Omega 3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation with or without Multidomain Intervention on Cognitive Function in Elderly Adults with Memory Complaints (MAPT): A Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"16","author":"Andrieu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30950-3","article-title":"Effectiveness of a 6-Year Multidomain Vascular Care Intervention to Prevent Dementia (preDIVA): A Cluster-Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"388","author":"Richard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-01052-1","article-title":"Discovery and Validation of Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Mutations in Populations from Latin America","volume":"14","author":"Takada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-230510","article-title":"Identifying Genes Associated with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Using Gene-Based Polygenic Risk Score","volume":"96","author":"Lai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)00065-X","article-title":"Epigenetics of Dementia: Understanding the Disease as a Transformation Rather than a State","volume":"15","author":"Maloney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S161","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-179939","article-title":"Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project","volume":"64","author":"Bennett","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alzheimer Disease Genetics Consortium (ADGC), The European Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Initiative (EADI), Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology Consortium (CHARGE), Genetic and Environmental Risk in AD\/Defining Genetic, Polygenic and Environmental Risk for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Consortium (GERAD\/PERADES), Kunkle, B.W., Grenier-Boley, B., Sims, R., Bis, J.C., Damotte, V., and Naj, A.C. (2019). Genetic Meta-Analysis of Diagnosed Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Identifies New Risk Loci and Implicates A\u03b2, Tau, Immunity and Lipid Processing. Nat. Genet., 51, 414\u2013430.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0358-2"},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-091555","article-title":"Vascular Risk Factors: Imaging and Neuropathologic Correlates","volume":"20","author":"Knopman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2019.101002","article-title":"A Third of Community-Dwelling Elderly with Intermediate and High Level of Alzheimer\u2019s Neuropathologic Changes Are Not Demented: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"58","author":"Azarpazhooh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_293","first-page":"e200018","article-title":"Centenarians as Models of Resistance and Resilience to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Related Dementias","volume":"2","author":"Andersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Geriatr. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2032538","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.32538","article-title":"Cognitive Trajectories and Resilience in Centenarians\u2014Findings from the 100-Plus Study","volume":"4","author":"Perls","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.07.219","article-title":"The Reserve, Resilience and Protective Factors PIA Empirical Definitions and Conceptual Frameworks Workgroup. Whitepaper: Defining and Investigating Cognitive Reserve, Brain Reserve, and Brain Maintenance","volume":"16","author":"Stern","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005303","article-title":"Resistance vs Resilience to Alzheimer Disease: Clarifying Terminology for Preclinical Studies","volume":"90","author":"Vemuri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2022.10.015","article-title":"A framework for concepts of reserve and resilience in aging","volume":"124","author":"Stern","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988705281869","article-title":"Very Early Detection of Alzheimer Neuropathology and the Role of Brain Reserve in Modifying Its Clinical Expression","volume":"18","author":"Mortimer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70191-6","article-title":"Cognitive Reserve in Ageing and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"Stern","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-020-00609-2","article-title":"Improving the resistance and resilience framework for aging and dementia studies","volume":"12","author":"Vemuri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/14\/4100\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:16:20Z","timestamp":1760109380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/14\/4100"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,13]]},"references-count":300,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13144100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13144100","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,13]]}}}