{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T02:18:01Z","timestamp":1788920281612,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of our deep learning algorithm in calculating cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) and thus in the assessment of cardiomegaly or pericardial effusion occurrences on chest radiography (CXR). Methods: From a database of 8000 CXRs, 13 folders with a comparable number of images were created. Then, 1020 images were chosen randomly, in proportion to the number of images in each folder. Afterward, CTR was calculated using RadiAnt Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) Viewer software (2023.1). Next, heart and lung anatomical areas were marked in 3D Slicer. From these data, we trained an AI model which segmented heart and lung anatomy and determined the CTR value. Results: Our model achieved an Intersection over Union metric of 88.28% for the augmented training subset and 83.06% for the validation subset. F1-score for subsets were accordingly 90.22% and 90.67%. In the comparative analysis of artificial intelligence (AI) vs. humans, significantly lower transverse thoracic diameter (TTD) (p &lt; 0.001), transverse cardiac diameter (TCD) (p &lt; 0.001), and CTR (p &lt; 0.001) values obtained using the neural network were observed. Conclusions: Results confirm that there is a significant correlation between the measurements made by human observers and the neural network. After validation in clinical conditions, our method may be used as a screening test or advisory tool when a specialist is not available, especially on Intensive Care Units (ICUs) or Emergency Departments (ERs) where time plays a key role.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13144180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T12:29:43Z","timestamp":1721219383000},"page":"4180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Deep Learning in Cardiothoracic Ratio Calculation and Cardiomegaly Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7633-3600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Kufel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyk\u00f3w 14, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0206-7044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iga","family":"Paszkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tytus Chalubinski\u2019s Hospital in Zakopane, 34-500 Zakopane, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8301-670X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szymon","family":"Kocot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bright Coders\u2019 Factory, Technologiczna 2, 45-837 Opole, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2577-5945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Lis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyk\u00f3w 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Dudek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Scientific Association of Computer Analysis and Artificial Intelligence, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Medyk\u00f3w 14, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3886-9708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Czogalik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Scientific Association of Computer Analysis and Artificial Intelligence, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Medyk\u00f3w 14, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Janik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Scientific Association of Computer Analysis and Artificial Intelligence, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Medyk\u00f3w 14, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Bargie\u0142-\u0141\u0105czek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Radiology Students\u2019 Scientific Association, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wiktoria","family":"Bartnikowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Radiology Students\u2019 Scientific Association, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6016-1891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Ko\u017alik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology and Structural Heart Disease, Medical University of Silesia, 40-635 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4917-8526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Cebula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Individual Specialist Medical Practice Maciej Cebula, 40-239 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0863-4492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Gruszczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyk\u00f3w 14, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0638-3789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Nawrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation of Cardiac Surgery Development, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Murphy, K. 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