{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T14:11:50Z","timestamp":1793110310949,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Heart failure, a major public health concern, significantly contributes to hospital admissions. This study evaluates the impact of malnutrition on both patient and hospital outcomes in heart failure admissions, with a specific focus on variations in outcomes based on the severity of malnutrition. Methods: Utilizing the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, this retrospective cohort study included adult patients admitted with a principal diagnosis of heart failure. Malnutrition was identified using the well-validated ICD 10 codes. We compared outcomes between patients with and without malnutrition, focusing on mortality, length of stay (LOS), hospital charges, cardiac arrest, and cardiogenic shock. Results: Out of 1,110,085 heart failure patients, 36,522 (3.29%) were malnourished. Malnourished patients exhibited significantly higher adjusted in-hospital mortality rates (aOR 3.32; 95% CI 3.03\u20133.64), longer LOS (mean increase of 4.67 days; p &lt; 0.001), and higher hospital charges (mean increase of USD 77,416.9; p &lt; 0.01). Increased rates of cardiac arrest (aOR 2.39; 95% CI 1.99\u20132.86; p &lt; 0.001) and cardiogenic shock (aOR 3.74; 95% CI 3.40\u20134.12; p &lt; 0.001) were also noted in malnourished patients. Severely malnourished patients faced worse outcomes compared to those with mild to moderate malnutrition. Conclusions: Heart failure patients with malnutrition experience higher mortality rates, longer hospital stays, increased hospitalization charges, and greater complication rates, including cardiac arrest and cardiogenic shock, compared to non-malnourished patients. Outcomes deteriorate with the increasing severity of malnutrition. Timely and individualized nutritional interventions may significantly improve outcomes for heart failure admissions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13144215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T09:14:53Z","timestamp":1721380493000},"page":"4215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Impact of Malnutrition on the Outcomes in Patients Admitted with Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9401-9973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nahush","family":"Bansal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulmajeed","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Momin","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Altorok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Art and Science, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ragheb","family":"Assaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nezam","family":"Altorok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2023.07.006","article-title":"Heart Failure Epidemiology and Outcomes Statistics: A Report of the Heart Failure Society of America","volume":"29","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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