{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T22:39:34Z","timestamp":1776206374808,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,28]],"date-time":"2024-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Dentists, who frequently encounter potentially infected patients, have experienced significant changes worldwide due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the fear of COVID-19, depression, anxiety and stress on the presence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), taking into account possible confounding variables, in Peruvian dental students during the post-pandemic period. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study assessed 607 Peruvian dental students from two regions of Peru. The study utilized the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21), the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) and the Short Form of the Fonseca Anamnestic Index (SFAI). Possible confounding variables were sex, age, year of study, marital status, place of origin, area of residence, history of mental illness and living with people vulnerable to COVID-19. For the multivariable analysis, we utilized a Poisson regression model with an adjusted robust variance. The significance level was set at p &lt; 0.05. Results: The rates of depression, anxiety, stress, fear of COVID-19 and temporomandibular disorders were 47.0%, 50.4%, 35.9%, 30.6% and 54.2%, respectively. Moreover, the study revealed that students with depression and anxiety were 38% and 75% more likely to have temporomandibular disorders compared to those without depression (APR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.15\u20131.66) and anxiety (APR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.44\u20132.13), respectively. Similarly, the likelihood of presenting temporomandibular disorders was 55% higher in women than in men (APR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.28\u20131.87). Furthermore, we found that stress and fear of COVID-19 did not determine the development of temporomandibular disorders (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: Almost half of the dental students experienced depression, anxiety and TMD in the post-pandemic period. In addition, depression and anxiety were influential factors in the occurrence of TMDs, with the female gender being a risk factor. However, factors such as fear of COVID-19, stress, age, year of study, marital status, place of origin, area of residence, history of mental illness or living with people vulnerable to COVID-19 were not significant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13154410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T09:50:05Z","timestamp":1722246605000},"page":"4410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Impact of Fear of COVID-19, Depression, Anxiety and Stress on Temporomandibular Disorders in Peruvian Dental Students in the Post-Pandemic Period: A Multivariable Regression Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Manuel","family":"Castro-Mena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Stomatology, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima 15067, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0261-2049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Huamani-Echaccaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Stomatology, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Ica 11004, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Yarasca-Berrocal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Stomatology, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Ica 11004, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marysela","family":"Ladera-Casta\u00f1eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate School, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15001, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Castro-Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate School, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15001, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Aroste-And\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Stomatology, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Ica 11004, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cinthia","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Vergara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Stomatology, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Ica 11004, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6090-6750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Cervantes-Ganoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Stomatology, Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, Lima 15084, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5560-7841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Cayo-Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Stomatology, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima 15067, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30309-3","article-title":"2019-nCoV epidemic: Address mental health care to empower society","volume":"395","author":"Bao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, October 19). 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