{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T02:48:20Z","timestamp":1780541300431,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Cesarean delivery (CD) is a common procedure, but it can be associated with some increasing risks as the number of previous CD increases. Although women undergoing multiple CDs is very unusual in Spain, our center serves pregnant women with a history of three or more previous CDs with some frequency. We aimed to assess whether women who undergo multiple CDs (\u22654) have more risks than those who undergo a third CD. Material and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted with 161 pregnant women who had undergone \u2265 2 previous CDs and were monitored during their next pregnancy. The primary endpoint was to evaluate the obstetric hemorrhage rate in the multiple CD group and compare it with that in the third CD group. Secondary outcomes regarding maternal and neonatal complications were also analyzed. Results: Hemorrhage (7% and 10%; p = 0.522) and transfusion (3% and 8%; p = 0.141) rates were similar in both groups. The risk of dehiscence of the uterine segment (6% and 24%; p &lt; 0.006), as well as hysterectomy (0 and 6.6%, p = 0.019), difficult abdominal opening (49% and 82%; p = 0.001), peritoneal adhesions (3% and 22%; p &lt; 0.001), and difficult bladder separation (36% and 73%; p &lt; 0.001), was higher in the multiple CD group. No uterine rupture or maternal-neonatal mortality was observed in either of the groups. Conclusions: Since undergoing multiple CD is uncommon, our study may be the largest sample in our environment. Our findings suggest that despite the potential risks of undergoing multiple CDs, maternal and neonatal outcomes are overall favorable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13154425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T12:27:43Z","timestamp":1722256063000},"page":"4425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Maternal and Fetal Outcomes after Multiple Cesarean Deliveries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Laura E.","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Sa\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, Marquesado de Sta. Marta St, 1, 28027 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebeca","family":"Sendra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, Marquesado de Sta. Marta St, 1, 28027 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3435-8559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Carriles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, Marquesado de Sta. Marta St, 1, 28027 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mafalda","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, Marquesado de Sta. Marta St, 1, 28027 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7049-3339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam","family":"Turiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, Marquesado de Sta. Marta St, 1, 28027 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0120-733X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Ruiz-Zambrana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, Marquesado de Sta. Marta St, 1, 28027 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1908-3251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Chiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, Marquesado de Sta. Marta St, 1, 28027 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2020-0305","article-title":"Cesarean delivery one hundred years 1920\u20132020: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly","volume":"49","author":"Antoine","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Births: Final Data for 2020","volume":"70","author":"Osterman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Natl. Vital Stat. 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