{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:22:03Z","timestamp":1791400923005,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Physiology Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences","award":["122020900136-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122020900136-4"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is one of the leading causes of mortality in intensive care units. The role of systemic hyperintense inflammation (SHI) in the pathogenesis of critical complications of ICH remains a poorly understood problem. There is a specific variant of severe ICH associated with increased intracranial pressure and occlusion of intracranial vessels, defined as ineffective cerebral blood flow (IECBF). Methods: To evaluate the role of SHI in the pathogenesis of severe (comatose) ICH in a dynamic comparison of patients with IECBF (n-26) and without IECBF (n-52). The SHI integral score criterion (SI scale) was used, including certain values of plasma concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10; TNF-\u03b1, PCT, cortisol, myoglobin, troponin I, D-dimer, and, additionally, SOFA scale values. Blood levels of ACTH and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) were also assessed. Results: Twenty-eight-day mortality in severe ICH reached 84.6% (without IECBF) and 96.2% (with IECBF). Clear signs of SHI were detected in 61.5%\/87.8% (without IECBF) and 0.0%\/8.7% (with IECBF) within 1\u20133\/5\u20138 days from the onset of ICH manifestation. The lower probability of developing SHI in the IECBF group was associated with low blood NSE concentrations. Conclusions: The development of SHI in ICH is pathogenetically related to the permeability of the blood\u2013brain barrier for tissue breakdown products and other neuroinflammatory factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13154454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T11:02:27Z","timestamp":1722337347000},"page":"4454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Role of Systemic Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Spontaneous Intracranial Hemorrhage in the Presence or Absence of Effective Cerebral Blood Flow"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7145-2376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgenii","family":"Gusev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Physiology Ural Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences, 620078 Yekaterinburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4900-5019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliya","family":"Solomatina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Physiology Ural Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences, 620078 Yekaterinburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Bochkarev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sverdlovsk Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1 (GAUZ SO \u201cSOKB No. 1\u201d), 620102 Yekaterinburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0086-1201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alevtina","family":"Zudova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Physiology Ural Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences, 620078 Yekaterinburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeriy","family":"Chereshnev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Physiology Ural Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences, 620078 Yekaterinburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1603","article-title":"Intracerebral Hemorrhage","volume":"24","author":"Ziai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Continuum"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekkert, A., \u0160liachtenko, A., Utkus, A., and Jatu\u017eis, D. 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