{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T12:55:12Z","timestamp":1784120112499,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009045","name":"Jagiellonian University Medical College","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N41\/DBS\/000936"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N41\/DBS\/000936"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009045","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Lupus nephritis (LN) is an inflammation of the kidneys that is related to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study aimed to evaluate the differences in clinical and laboratory characteristics between LN and non-LN SLE patients. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of medical records collected from SLE patients treated at the University Hospital in Krak\u00f3w, Poland, from 2012 to 2022. All patients met the 2019 European League Against Rheumatism and the American College of Rheumatology (EULAR\/ACR) criteria for SLE. Results: Among 921 SLE patients, LN was documented in 331 (35.94%). LN patients were younger at SLE diagnosis (29 vs. 37 years; p &lt; 0.001) and had a male proportion that was 2.09 times higher than the non-LN group (16.62% vs. 7.97%; p &lt; 0.001). They were more often diagnosed with serositis and hematological or neurological involvement (p &lt; 0.001 for all). Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia occurred more frequently in these patients (p &lt; 0.001 for both). LN patients exhibited a higher frequency of anti-dsDNA, anti-histone, and anti-nucleosome antibodies (p &lt; 0.001 for all). Conversely, the non-LN group had a 1.24-fold (95% CI: 1.03\u20131.50; p = 0.021) increase in the odds ratio of having positive anti-cardiolipin IgM antibody results. LN patients were more frequently treated with immunosuppressants. The risk factors for experiencing at least three LN flares included female sex, younger age at the onset of LN or SLE, LN occurring later than SLE onset, the presence of anti-nucleosome or anti-dsDNA antibodies, and certain SLE manifestations such as myalgia, arthritis, proteinuria &gt; 3.5 g\/day, and pathological urinary casts in the urine sediment. Conclusions: LN patients differ from non-LN patients in the age of SLE diagnosis, treatment modalities, and autoantibody profile and have more frequent, severe manifestations of SLE. However, we still need more prospective studies to understand the diversity of LN and its progression in SLE patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13154486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T17:16:49Z","timestamp":1722446209000},"page":"4486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Comparison of Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics in Lupus Nephritis vs. Non-Lupus Nephritis Patients\u2014A Comprehensive Retrospective Analysis Based on 921 Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1013-2253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Kosa\u0142ka-W\u0119giel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"University Hospital, Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Internal Medicine, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0321-3557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rados\u0142aw","family":"Dziedzic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jagiellonian University Medical College, Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, \u015aw. \u0141azarza 16, 31-530 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2258-0248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"And\u017celika","family":"Siwiec-Ko\u017alik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital, Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Internal Medicine, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2209-1436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Spa\u0142kowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Dermatology, Botaniczna 3, 31-501 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1511-9316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mamert","family":"Milewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital, Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Internal Medicine, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8731-4916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Wach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital, Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Internal Medicine, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2221-614X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lech","family":"Zar\u0119ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rzesz\u00f3w, College of Natural Sciences, Institute of Computer Science, Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9634-0963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanis\u0142awa","family":"Bazan-Socha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital, Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Internal Medicine, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1749-9739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Korkosz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"University Hospital, Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Internal Medicine, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30237-5","article-title":"Management Strategies and Future Directions for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Adults","volume":"393","author":"Durcan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"32","article-title":"Changes of Memory B- and T-Cell Subsets in Lupus Nephritis Patients","volume":"54","author":"Kosalka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Folia Histochem. 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