{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:59:10Z","timestamp":1790888350781,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]],"date-time":"2024-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious global public health issue, recognized as a chronic and progressive disease that can affect multiple organs, including the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Research shows that there is a specific link between the GI tract and the central nervous system, termed the gut\u2013brain axis, which consists of bidirectional exchange between these two. Several preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated intestinal barrier dysfunction, intestinal inflammation and gut dysbiosis in patients with TBI. It is proven that probiotics can modulate the inflammatory process and modify gut microbiota. Numerous animal studies and human clinical trials have proven the effectiveness of selected bacterial strains as an adjuvant treatment in reducing inflammation, infection rates and time spent in intensive care of hospitalized patients suffering from brain injury. Thus, this review summarizes the current evidence regarding the beneficial effects of probiotic administration in patients suffering from TBI-related complications. This review will help identify novel therapeutic strategies in the future as probiotics have an extensive history of apparently safe use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13154546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T13:57:28Z","timestamp":1722866248000},"page":"4546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Probiotics in Traumatic Brain Injury: New Insights into Mechanisms and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Diamantoula","family":"Pagkou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Kiriakidi 1, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3825-4503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos","family":"Kogias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Kiriakidi 1, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3660-6293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Foroglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Kiriakidi 1, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0241-7216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katerina","family":"Kotzampassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Kiriakidi 1, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16084","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.84","article-title":"Traumatic brain in-juries","volume":"2","author":"Blennow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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