{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:20:39Z","timestamp":1760145639731,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP22K17542"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22K17542"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The use of food thickeners with ciprofloxacin tablets may result in a gelatinous appearance and experience delayed dissolution, which presents a challenge for the drug\u2019s efficacy, creating a healthcare economic issue. However, the pharmacokinetic impact of this compound in humans remains uncertain. Therefore, a comparative pharmacokinetic study of ciprofloxacin was conducted on healthy adult Japanese males. Methods: We compared the effects of administering tablets with water or thickened water and crushed tablets mixed with thickened water. The maximum blood concentration (Cmax) of ciprofloxacin determines the drug\u2019s efficacy. Results: There were variations in drug absorption across different administration methods. The group who took the tablets immersed in thickened water exhibited different results in the area under the blood drug concentration\u2013time curve (AUC) and Cmax compared to the group who took the tablets in regular water. Notably, the group that consumed the crushed tablets mixed with thickened water demonstrated equivalent results for both AUC and Cmax. Conclusions: Administering crushed tablets in thickened water may yield pharmacokinetics comparable to those of tablets taken with water. However, the process of crushing tablets may result in the loss of active ingredients and compromise the formulation, necessitating a comprehensive assessment before administration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13154573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T13:57:28Z","timestamp":1722866248000},"page":"4573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Effect of Thickened Water on Ciprofloxacin Pharmacokinetics: A Comparative Study in Adult Males"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0694-8895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iori","family":"Taki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research and Development, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"},{"name":"Showa University Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taigi","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research and Development, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"},{"name":"Showa University Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7925-972X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nobuyuki","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hospital Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myong Hwa","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Showa University Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akiko","family":"Toju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Showa University Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atsuko","family":"Ikeura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research and Development, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1652-7769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eisuke","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Administration Center, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6730-7873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takehiko","family":"Sambe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Showa University Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"},{"name":"Research Administration Center, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Mizukami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Showa University Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Uchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Showa University Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4617-0019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Harada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7481-597X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noriko","family":"Hida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research and Development, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"},{"name":"Showa University Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.49","article-title":"Dysphagia: Current reality and scope of the problem","volume":"12","author":"Shaker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. 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