{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T12:01:07Z","timestamp":1783512067865,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exacerbations and new onset of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis and hidradenitis suppurativa, have been reported following COVID-19 vaccination. In patients with hidradenitis suppurativa, recent studies have shown that those who received mRNA vaccines were 3.5 times as likely to develop flares following vaccination compared to patients who received non-mRNA vaccines, indicating that mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are associated with hidradenitis suppurativa flares. Similar findings have been found in other studies evaluating the association between COVID-19 vaccines and other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, and alopecia areata. However, further research is warranted in larger populations to validate these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13164617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T11:33:52Z","timestamp":1723030432000},"page":"4617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Could Vaccination against COVID-19 Trigger Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3936-8374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aikaterini I.","family":"Liakou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Dermatology-Venereology, \u201cAndreas Sygros\u201d Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 16121 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3695-0759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas G.","family":"Tsantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Haematology and Blood Bank Unit, \u201cAttikon\u201d Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 12462 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Microbiology Department, \u201cSaint Savvas\u201d Oncology Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0480-8520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Routsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Dermatology-Venereology, \u201cAndreas Sygros\u201d Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 16121 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Efthymia","family":"Agiasofitou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Dermatology-Venereology, \u201cAndreas Sygros\u201d Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 16121 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalini","family":"Kalamata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Dermatology-Venereology, \u201cAndreas Sygros\u201d Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 16121 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelia-Konstantina","family":"Bompou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Dermatology-Venereology, \u201cAndreas Sygros\u201d Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 16121 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantina A.","family":"Tsante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Haematology and Blood Bank Unit, \u201cAttikon\u201d Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soultana","family":"Vladeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Dermatology-Venereology, \u201cAndreas Sygros\u201d Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 16121 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Chatzidimitriou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Dermatology-Venereology, \u201cAndreas Sygros\u201d Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 16121 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4459-435X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ourania","family":"Kotsafti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Dermatology-Venereology, \u201cAndreas Sygros\u201d Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 16121 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Samonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, Metropolitan Hospital, 18547 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6102-6579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanos","family":"Bonovas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander I.","family":"Stratigos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Dermatology-Venereology, \u201cAndreas Sygros\u201d Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 16121 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine","volume":"383","author":"Polack","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32661-1","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: An interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK","volume":"397","author":"Voysey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15461","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15461","article-title":"A systematic review on mucocutaneous presentations after COVID-19 vaccination and expert recommendations about vaccination of important immune-mediated dermatologic disorders","volume":"35","author":"Seirafianpour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.15306","article-title":"Management of patients with hidradenitis suppurativa during COVID-19 vaccination: An experience from Southern Italy","volume":"47","author":"Fabrizio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"e812","article-title":"Immunogenicity and safety of anti-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in patients with chronic inflammatory conditions and immunosuppressive therapy in a monocentric cohort","volume":"35","author":"Venturi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"112","article-title":"Association of hidradenitis suppurativa with COVID-19 vaccination","volume":"158","author":"Winkelmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"e861","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccination in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa: A multi-center survey-based study","volume":"35","author":"Zouboulis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geldof, J., Truyens, M., Sabino, J., Ferrante, M., Lambert, J., Lapeere, H., Hillary, T., Van Laethem, A., de Vlam, K., and Verschueren, P. (2023). SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID19 vaccination across eight immune-mediated inflammatory disorders: A prospective, real-life Belgian cohort study\u2014The BELCOMID study. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1126351"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.07.054","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine safety and efficacy in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory disease: Review of available evidence","volume":"85","author":"Wack","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7258.424","article-title":"Th1 and Th2 responses: What are they?","volume":"321","author":"Berger","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rendon, A., and Sch\u00e4kel, K. (2019). Psoriasis pathogenesis and treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061475"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/der2.113","article-title":"The pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa: Evolving paradigms in a complex disease","volume":"3","author":"Kozera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"e855","article-title":"Hidradenitis suppurativa and COVID-19 vaccination: A cross-sectional study on patients from six European countries","volume":"35","author":"Janssen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"550","article-title":"Vaccination rates in hidradenitis suppurativa patients prescribed immunosuppressive medications","volume":"31","author":"Ighani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2814-7","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and TH1 T cell responses","volume":"586","author":"Sahin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00526-x","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccines: Modes of immune activation and future challenges","volume":"21","author":"Teijaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1159\/000508528","article-title":"Thyroid Disease and Active Smoking May Be Associated with More Severe Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Data from a Prospective Cross Sectional Single-Center Study","volume":"237","author":"Liakou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14214","article-title":"What causes hidradenitis suppurativa?\u201415 years after","volume":"29","author":"Zouboulis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liakou, A.I., Kontochristopoulos, G., Agiasofitou, E., Tsantes, A.G., Papadakis, M., Marnelakis, I., Tsante, K.A., Kapsiocha, A., Katoulis, A., and Gregoriou, S. (2021). Colchicine Improves Clinical Outcomes and Quality of Life in Hidradenitis Suppurativa Patients: A Retrospective Study. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10204742"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"389","article-title":"Current perspectives on the immunological basis of hidradenitis suppurativa","volume":"38","author":"Oussedik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14339","article-title":"Anti-COVID-19 measurements for hidradenitis suppurativa patients","volume":"30","author":"Bettoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.ijd_622_21","article-title":"Perception and knowledge of hidradenitis suppurativa in Greece: A Cross-Sectional Study of 1301 Individuals","volume":"67","author":"Liakou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liakou, A.I., Tsantes, A.G., Kalamata, M., Tsamtsouri, L., Agiasofitou, E., Vladeni, S., Dragoutsou, A., Bompou, E., Tsante, K.A., and Chatzidimitriou, E. (J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., 2024). Flares and new related lesions of Hidradenitis Suppurativa following COVID-19 vaccination: A retrospective cohort study of 250 patients in Greece, J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19968"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2022.03.008","article-title":"Hidradenitis suppurativa flares following COVID-19 vaccination: A case series","volume":"23","author":"Martora","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2022.05.005","article-title":"Response to Martora et al\u2019s \u201cHidradenitis suppurativa flares following COVID-19 vaccination: A case series\u201d","volume":"25","author":"Alexander","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.15090","article-title":"Evaluating the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa","volume":"47","author":"Pakhchanian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e469","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(21)00108-9","article-title":"Flare of rheumatoid arthritis after COVID-19 vaccination","volume":"3","author":"Terracina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221571","article-title":"Two-dose COVID-19 vaccination and possible arthritis flare among patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Hong Kong","volume":"81","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859926","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.859926","article-title":"Case Report: New-Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis Following COVID-19 Vaccination","volume":"13","author":"Watanabe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Rep. Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-022-00721-z","article-title":"New Onset and Exacerbations of Psoriasis Following COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Review","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martora, F., Battista, T., Ruggiero, A., Scalvenzi, M., Villani, A., Megna, M., and Potestio, L. (2023). The impact of COVID-19 vaccination on inflammatory skin disorders and other cutaneous diseases: A review of the published literature. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15071423"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.7774\/cevr.2023.12.1.80","article-title":"Psoriasis flares after COVID-19 vaccination: Adherence to biologic therapy reduces psoriasis exacerbations: A case-control study","volume":"12","author":"Burlando","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Vaccine Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Potestio, L., Battista, T., Cacciapuoti, S., Ruggiero, A., Martora, F., Fornaro, L., and Megna, M. (2023). New onset and exacerbation of psoriasis following COVID-19 vaccination: A review of the current knowledge. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11082191"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.05.052","article-title":"Immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety of CoronaVac and Pfizer\/BioNTech mRNA vaccines in patients with psoriasis receiving systemic therapies: A prospective cohort study","volume":"41","author":"Ergun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1103641","article-title":"Lichen planus","volume":"366","author":"Chosidow","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2019.40.4202","article-title":"Pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis: Clinical implications","volume":"Volume 40","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy and Asthma Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.22.118","article-title":"Effect of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination on patients with atopic dermatitis treated with dupilumab: A multicenter, observational study","volume":"35","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.7774\/cevr.2022.11.1.129","article-title":"Alopecia areata after COVID-19 vaccination","volume":"11","author":"Gallo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Vaccine Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2022.102984","article-title":"Disease activity in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases after SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations","volume":"135","author":"Wieske","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obs. Study J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raptis, C.E., Berger, C.T., Ciurea, A., Andrey, D.O., Polysopoulos, C., Lescuyer, P., Maletic, T., Riek, M., Scherer, A., and von Loga, I. (2022). Type of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine and immunomodulatory treatment influence humoral immunogenicity in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1016927"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-220461","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccination responses in untreated, conventionally treated and anticytokine-treated patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases","volume":"80","author":"Simon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otten, A.T., Bourgonje, A.R., Horinga, P.P., van der Meulen, H.H., Festen, E.A.M., van Dullemen, H.M., Weersma, R.K., van Leer-Buter, C.C., Dijkstra, G., and Visschedijk, M.C. (2022). Use of Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 Antagonists Is Associated with Attenuated IgG Antibody Response against SARS-CoV-2 in Vaccinated Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.920333"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.10.014","article-title":"Innate immune mechanisms of mRNA vaccines","volume":"55","author":"Verbeke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, L., Dong, C., Zhu, W., and Wang, B.Z. (2024). mRNA Vaccine Nanoplatforms and Innate Immunity. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16010120"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Z., Feng, Y., Xu, J., and Liang, J. (2022). T-cell exhaustion in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: New implications for immunotherapy. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.977394"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102556","article-title":"Molecular mimicry between SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory pacemaker neurons","volume":"19","author":"Lucchese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32137-1","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 immunity: Review and applications to phase 3 vaccine candidates","volume":"396","author":"Poland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-010-9201-3","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus infection and multiple sclerosis: A review","volume":"5","author":"Ascherio","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0619","article-title":"Coxsackievirus B1 is associated with induction of \u03b2-cell autoimmunity that portends type 1 diabetes","volume":"63","author":"Laitinen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1004965","article-title":"The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"365","author":"McInnes","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.08.018","article-title":"Interleukin-17 family members and inflammation","volume":"21","author":"Kolls","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.5603\/pjnns.96425","article-title":"Analysis of seroconversion following COVID-19 vaccination among multiple sclerosis patients treated with disease-modifying therapies in Poland","volume":"58","author":"Nojszewska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol. I Neurochir. Pol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2101544","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of single-dose Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against COVID-19","volume":"384","author":"Sadoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-021-00336-1","article-title":"Comparative systematic review and meta-analysis of reactogenicity, immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"6","author":"McDonald","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2116185","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of NVX-CoV2373 in adults in the United States and Mexico","volume":"386","author":"Dunkle","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215882","article-title":"2019 update of EULAR recommendations for vaccination in adult patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases","volume":"79","author":"Furer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/16\/4617\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:31:22Z","timestamp":1760110282000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/16\/4617"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13164617"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13164617","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]}}}