{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:50:47Z","timestamp":1787028647781,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Elevated lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] concentrations are linked mainly to genetic factors. The relationship between Lp(a) and other lipid disorders or cardiovascular (CV) risk factors has been less investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of lipid disorders and other CV risk factors according to Lp(a) concentrations. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of 200 primary-care patients who had not been diagnosed with CV disease was conducted. The following risk factors were assessed: older age, history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus or dyslipidemia, smoking, lack of physical activity, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference. The following lipid parameters were measured: total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and small, dense LDL (sdLDL-C). Patients were divided into two groups based on their Lp(a) concentrations: &lt;30 mg\/dL and \u226530 mg\/dL. Results: In 70% of patients, the Lp(a) concentration was &lt;30 mg\/dL. The concentrations of lipid parameters did not differ between the groups. The rate of patients with sdLDL-C &gt;1.0 mmol\/L was higher in the low-Lp(a) group (10.0 vs. 1.7%, p = 0.04), with no significant differences regarding the other analyzed lipid disorders (p &gt; 0.05). Both in the low- and high-Lp(a) group, most patients had two other abnormal lipid factors (45.0% and 60.0%, respectively). The distribution of impaired lipid parameters (p = 0.41) and other CV risk factors (p = 0.16) was similar in both groups. There was a lower rate of patients &gt;60 years old (15.0% vs. 32.9%, p = 0.01) and with a BMI \u2265 25 kg\/m2 (46.7% vs. 63.6%, p = 0.026) in the high-Lp(a) group, and previously diagnosed hyperlipidemia was more prevalent in this group (65.0% vs. 47.1%, p = 0.02). The occurrence of other cardiovascular risk factors did not differ significantly between the Lp(a) groups (p &gt; 0.05). In the high-Lp(a) group, the highest proportion (25.0%) had two CV risk factors, and in the low-Lp(a) group, 31.4% had four CV risk factors. Conclusions: An elevated Lp(a) concentration is not related to the number of conventional CV risk factors or other impairment major lipid parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13164649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T12:13:14Z","timestamp":1723119194000},"page":"4649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Lipoprotein (a) and the Occurrence of Lipid Disorders and Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients without Diagnosed Cardiovascular Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3059-5338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Ratajczak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Health Promotion, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4608-0881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldona","family":"Kubica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Health Promotion, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7798-3138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Pietrzykowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Health Promotion, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9667-6096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Michalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Health Promotion, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1368-3475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Kosobucka-Ozdoba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Health Promotion, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7700-0952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Buczkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2627-7473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Krintus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6223-8821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Jankowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatric Cardiology, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-826 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8250-754X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Kubica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5603\/CJ.a2021.0147","article-title":"Management of Dyslipidemia in Poland: Interdisciplinary Expert Position Statement Endorsed by the Polish Cardiac Society Working Group on Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 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