{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T19:25:48Z","timestamp":1789673148109,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UKAID through the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR)","award":["PSIA2020-3073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSIA2020-3073"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Mortality due to various non-communicable diseases, including hypertension, is increasing globally. Studies have reported that periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disorder caused by oral pathogens, is a potential risk factor for hypertension. These pathogens can invade arterial walls, leading to vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, which then increases the likelihood of developing hypertension. However, evidence of the association between periodontitis and hypertension remains limited. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine whether periodontitis is associated with hypertension among adults in Rwanda. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 420 participants (hypertensive and non-hypertensive) at the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali (CHUK) and Ruhengeri Hospital in Rwanda. Periodontitis was assessed using clinical parameters: clinical attachment loss (CAL), bleeding on probing (BoP), and periodontal pocket depth (PDD). Hypertension was defined as a patient with a systolic or diastolic blood pressure (SBP\/DBP) of \u2265140\/90 mmHg. Descriptive statistics, the Chi-square test, and logistical regression were performed using SPSS version 29 for statistical data analysis. Results: The prevalence of periodontitis was found to be 69.5% among hypertensive patients and 52.4% among non-hypertensive patients. Clinical attachment loss was 6.24 times (AOR = 6.24, 95% CI: 1.99\u201319.56) higher among hypertensive patients and the difference was significant (p = 0.001). Other periodontal parameters such as periodontal pocket depth and bleeding on probing showed a more significant association among hypertensive than non-hypertensive patients. Conclusions: Our study found a significant association between periodontitis and hypertension in Rwandan adults. However, further intervention studies are needed to explore causality and potential interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13164722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T11:23:46Z","timestamp":1723461826000},"page":"4722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Association between Periodontitis and Hypertension among Adult Population in Rwanda"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6123-1879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnes","family":"Gatarayiha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali P.O. Box 3286, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoe","family":"Brookes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peninsula Dental School, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5357-7626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Rulisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali P.O. Box 3286, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3045-3153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanuel Kidane","family":"Andegiorgish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali P.O. Box 3286, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5308-3706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e9on","family":"Mutesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Genetics, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali P.O. Box 3286, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026","article-title":"2020 International Society of Hypertension Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines","volume":"75","author":"Unger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators (2018). 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