{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T01:43:27Z","timestamp":1785548607002,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Publikationsfonds of Charit\u00e9\u2014University Medicine Berlin"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the frequency of topical immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive therapies in patients with ocular chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) in consideration of inflammatory activity and systemic immunosuppressive therapies in a tertiary care university hospital setting. Methods: We included 95 adult patients (48 male, 47 female) with ocular chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) after alloHSCT (median age 49.5 years). Clinical ophthalmological findings and the grade of ocular cGVHD according to the NIH eye score and the German\u2013Austrian\u2013Swiss Consensus (GAS) Grading were analyzed. Systemic GVHD manifestations as well as the prevalence of topical and systemic (immunomodulatory) therapies were assessed. Results: A total of 74 of 95 patients (77.8%) had manifestations of systemic chronic graft-versus-host disease other than ocular GVHD. 68.42% (65\/95) of patients were under systemic immunosuppressive therapy with at least one immunosuppressive medication. All patients (95\/95) received lid-margin hygiene and phosphate- and preservative-free lubricating eye drops. Twenty-five percent of the cohort (24\/95) were treated with autologous serum eye drops (ASEDs). In total, 80% (76\/95) of patients required topical steroid therapy to treat acute exacerbation of inflammation at least once; continuous topical steroid therapy was only necessary for a minor part (12%) with refractory chronic inflammation. A total of 92.63% (88\/95) were primarily treated with ciclosporin A 0.1% as Ikervis\u00ae, of whom at least one third did not continue the therapy because of intolerable side effects during follow-up and received alternative topical formulations. Conclusions: Our data show that patients with ocular cGVHD mostly need topical therapy including anti-inflammatory agents despite systemic immunosuppressive therapy. In our cohort, 80% of patients received topical steroids, and more than 90% received topical ciclosporin A eye drops, which were tolerated by only two thirds of patients due to side effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13164728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T11:23:46Z","timestamp":1723461826000},"page":"4728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Frequency of Topical Immunomodulatory and Immunosuppressive Therapies for Ocular Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5567-6943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Sinan","family":"Koca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Charit\u00e9\u2014University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9041-2249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tina","family":"Dietrich-Ntoukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Charit\u00e9\u2014University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60237-3","article-title":"Graft-versus-host disease","volume":"373","author":"Ferrara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"732","article-title":"The treatment of chronic graft-versus-host disease: Consensus recommendations of experts from Germany, Austria, and Switzerland","volume":"108","author":"Wolff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dtsch. 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