{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T22:56:52Z","timestamp":1778367412755,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review aimed to evidence the predisposing conditions for Salzmann nodular degeneration (SND), where particular attention was paid to its association with ocular and systemic diseases. SND is a rare disease characterized by bluish-white nodules located in the mid-periphery of the cornea, which are otherwise completely clear. SND has been found in association with different systemic and ocular diseases, and it may have unilateral or bilateral presentation. Initial forms are only diagnosed occasionally as they are asymptomatic, whereas, in advanced disease, the visual acuity might be seriously impaired. Although SND is well described, its exact etiopathology is currently still unknown and is frequently misdiagnosed. It is associated with ocular surface inflammatory conditions and previous corneal surgery, and it has been described in different systemic diseases. Diagnosis is clinically based with slit lamp examinations, and instrumental assessments with corneal topography permit one to observe the alterations of the corneal profile, whereas anterior segment\u2013optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) is used to investigate the stromal depth of the nodules. Therapy might be conservative with the objective of improving the ocular surface homeostasis and surgical outcomes, where the aim is to restore the corneal regularity and visual acuity. Ophthalmologists should pay particular attention when detecting nodules in patients with ocular and non-ocular inflammatory diseases to guarantee the patient a timely diagnosis and a better therapeutic outcome. Additionally, collaboration between specialists who deal with treating patients suffering from disorders potentially associated with SND is recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13164900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T01:38:45Z","timestamp":1724117925000},"page":"4900","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Salzmann Nodular Degeneration in Ocular and Systemic Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8083-3437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna M.","family":"Roszkowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University Hospital of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, 30-705 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Azzaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University Hospital of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5284-1193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Calderone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University Hospital of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosaria","family":"Spinella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Schiano-Lomoriello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Bietti Foundation, 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1856-6363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Mencucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, Careggi Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7295-4936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Wyl\u0119ga\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, District Railway Hospital in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"92","article-title":"Uber eine Abart der knotchenformigen Hornhaut-dystrophie","volume":"57","author":"Salzmann","year":"1925","journal-title":"Z. 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