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the Consejer\u00eda de Salud de Andaluc\u00eda, Spain","award":["CPII22-00013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPII22-00013"]}]},{"name":"Nicol\u00e1s Monardes Program from the Consejer\u00eda de Salud de Andaluc\u00eda, Spain","award":["C10002-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C10002-2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Coronary artery disease (CAD) and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation. However, measuring cytokines typically involves invasive blood sampling, which can be problematic for CAD patients. This study aimed to assess ophthalmological parameters and tear cytokines in patients with CAD, comparing those with comorbid T2DM to those without to understand their inflammatory profiles. Methods: One hundred subjects with suspected chronic or acute CAD were initially included in this single-center cross-sectional study after clinical stabilization. Seventy-two patients with confirmed CAD were divided into two groups: 32 patients with T2DM and 40 patients without T2DM. A total of 144 eyes were examined, and tear fluid samples were collected to determine cytokine concentrations. Ophthalmological parameters and tear concentrations of cytokines were analyzed, controlling for age, sex, and other cardiovascular risk factors. Results: Patients with CAD and T2DM exhibited decreased ophthalmological parameters and increased cytokine concentrations in comparison to those without T2DM. Significant inverse correlations between ophthalmological parameters and cytokine concentrations were observed. Following adjustment, a full logistic regression model for distinguishing patients with CAD and comorbid T2DM included macular cube volume, mean macular thickness, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-13, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), CCL3, CCL4, and CCL11\/eotaxin-1, demonstrating excellent discriminatory power (Area Under the Curve = 0.95, 95% Confidence Interval = 0.91\u20130.99; p &lt; 0.001). Subsequently, IL-5 (Odds Ratio = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.26\u20132.24; p &lt; 0.001), G-CSF (OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.02\u20131.11; p &lt; 0.01), and CCL11\/eotaxin-1 (OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.19\u20132.05; p = 0.001) emerged as the most distinguishing variables in a reduced model (AUC = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.84\u20130.95; p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Differences in ophthalmological variables, mainly in cytokine concentrations, suggest distinct pathophysiological mechanisms in patients with CAD based on the presence of T2DM. These findings demonstrate that the inflammatory profile can be readily detected through tear sample cytokines, proving valuable for establishing more accurate prognoses and monitoring in cardiometabolic disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13164906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T06:07:35Z","timestamp":1724134055000},"page":"4906","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Differential Ophthalmological Profile in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Coexisting with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Elevated Tear Cytokine Concentrations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4595-5735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Emergency Department, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Campus de Teatinos s\/n, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of M\u00e1laga, Campus de Teatinos s\/n, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9319-8030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Lorenzo","family":"Romero-Trevejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of M\u00e1laga, Campus de Teatinos s\/n, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Campus de Teatinos s\/n, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6832-6301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lourdes","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4732-8716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Mart\u00edn-Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Campus de Teatinos s\/n, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Romero-Cuevas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Campus de Teatinos s\/n, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0735-9417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Isabel","family":"Molina-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Campus de Teatinos s\/n, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Quintero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Campus de Teatinos s\/n, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6482-192X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mora","family":"Murri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Campus de Teatinos s\/n, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Fisiopatolog\u00eda de Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3097-2834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en 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Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0898-8212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Bedmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of M\u00e1laga, Campus de Teatinos s\/n, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6650-6264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Capit\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Campus de Teatinos s\/n, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5256-8904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Pav\u00f3n-Mor\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Campus de Teatinos s\/n, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de 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