{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:07:36Z","timestamp":1792789656059,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Society of Rheumatology"},{"name":"Rheumatic Diseases Portuguese Registry (Reuma.pt)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) encompass a range of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular conditions affecting the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and associated structures. This cross-sectional study, conducted in a Portuguese TMD department, aimed to assess the relationship between malocclusion and TMD severity. Methods: Data on demographic variables, TMD clinical symptoms, and malocclusion classes were collected using the EUROTMJ database. The Chi-square test (\u03c72) identified associations, with their intensity measured by Cram\u00e9r\u2019s V (\u03c6c). Results: The study included 1170 patients (932 females and 238 males), with a mean age of 41.73 \u00b1 16.80 years. Most patients exhibited Angle Class I malocclusion (85.5%), followed by Angle Class II (13.5%) and Angle Class III (1.1%). Class II malocclusion was associated with increased TMD severity (p &lt; 0.001), higher myalgia levels (p = 0.002), more frequent disc displacement without reduction (p = 0.002) and lower maximum mouth opening values (Class II: 38.13 \u00b1 7.78 mm, Class I: 39.93 \u00b1 8.67 mm). Significant associations were also found between malocclusion type and arthralgia (p = 0.021), mouth-opening limitation (p = 0.016), and TMJ crepitus (p = 0.017). In cases of malocclusion, the presence of oral signs of bruxism explained the degree of myalgia, disc displacement, and severity (p = 0.003; p = 0.048; p = 0.045). Conclusions: This study highlights that (1) the most common type of dental malocclusion in TMD patients was Class I; (2) Class II malocclusion was associated with increased TMD severity and oral signs of bruxism; and (3) Class III was rarely observed in TMD consultation. The findings suggest that bruxism behavior in cases of malocclusion may be significant in TMD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13164909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T06:07:35Z","timestamp":1724134055000},"page":"4909","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Association of Malocclusion with Temporomandibular Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8411-9946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Faustino","family":"\u00c2ngelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Portugu\u00eas da Face, 1500-493 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2430-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lisboa University, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Estomatologia Hospital Egas Moniz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, 1349-019 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio Lisboa Norte (CHUNL), Clinica Universit\u00e1ria de Estomatologia, 1648-028 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Faria-Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lisboa University, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1293-2107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Maffia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Portugu\u00eas da Face, 1500-493 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Portugu\u00eas da Face, 1500-493 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcella","family":"Sarkis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Portugu\u00eas da Face, 1500-493 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rute","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Portugu\u00eas da Face, 1500-493 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Portugu\u00eas da Face, 1500-493 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio Lisboa Norte (CHUNL), Clinica Universit\u00e1ria de Estomatologia, 1648-028 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo S\u00e3o","family":"Jo\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Quantitative Methods, School of Management and Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Santar\u00e9m, 2001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"},{"name":"CEAUL\u2014Centro de Estat\u00edstica e Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Global Studies (CEG-UAb), Aberta University, 1250-100 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Nursing Research, Innovation and Development Center of Lisbon (CIDNUR), 1600-190 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5750-2875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique Jos\u00e9","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Portugu\u00eas da Face, 1500-493 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357409026342","article-title":"Studies on function and dysfunction of the masticatory system","volume":"32","author":"Helkimo","year":"1974","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. 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