{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:10:45Z","timestamp":1790611845981,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":179,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Next-Clinics Italia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is found in up to 15% of infertile men. While several causes for NOA have been identified, the exact etiology remains unknown in many patients. Advances in assisted reproductive technology, including intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and testicular sperm retrieval, have provided hope for these patients. This review summarizes the chances of success with ICSI for NOA patients and examines preoperative factors and laboratory techniques associated with positive outcomes. Furthermore, we reviewed possible consequences for offspring by the use of ICSI with testicular sperm retrieved from NOA patients and the interventions that could potentially mitigate risks. Testicular sperm retrieved from NOA patients may exhibit increased chromosomal abnormalities, and although lower fertilization and pregnancy rates are reported in NOA patients compared to other forms of infertility, the available evidence does not suggest a significant increase in miscarriage rate, congenital malformation, or developmental delay in their offspring compared to the offspring of patients with less severe forms of infertility or the offspring of fertile men. However, due to limited data, NOA patients should receive specialized reproductive care and personalized management. Counseling of NOA patients is essential before initiating any fertility enhancement treatment not only to mitigate health risks associated with NOA but also to enhance the chances of successful outcomes and minimize possible risks to the offspring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13164939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T11:14:41Z","timestamp":1724325281000},"page":"4939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Non-Obstructive Azoospermia and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection: Unveiling the Chances of Success and Possible Consequences for Offspring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Majzoub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha 3050, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina C.","family":"Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANDROFERT, Andrology & Human Reproduction Clinic, Campinas 13075-460, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6736-2060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnold P. P.","family":"Achermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANDROFERT, Andrology & Human Reproduction Clinic, Campinas 13075-460, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isadora T.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, Campinas 13087-571, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita J.","family":"Laursen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skive Fertility Clinic, Skive Regional Hospital, 7800 Skive, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Humaidan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skive Fertility Clinic, Skive Regional Hospital, 7800 Skive, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1313-9680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandro C.","family":"Esteves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANDROFERT, Andrology & Human Reproduction Clinic, Campinas 13075-460, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2023.04.003","article-title":"Towards infertility care on equal terms: A prime time for male infertility","volume":"47","author":"Esteves","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reprod. 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