{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:35:14Z","timestamp":1777502114608,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1F1A1075752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1F1A1075752"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: It has been reported in many previous studies that the lack of auditory input due to hearing loss (HL) can induce changes in the brain. However, most of these studies have focused on individuals with pre-lingual HL and have predominantly compared the characteristics of those with normal hearing (NH) to cochlear implant (CI) users in children. This study examined the visual and auditory evoked potential characteristics in NH listeners, individuals with bilateral HL, and CI users, including those with single-sided deafness. Methods: A total of sixteen participants (seven NH listeners, four individuals with bilateral sensorineural HL, and five CI users) completed speech testing in quiet and noise and evoked potential testing. For speech testing, the Korean version of the Hearing in Noise Test was used to assess individuals\u2019 speech understanding ability in quiet and in noise (noise from the front, +90 degrees, and \u221290 degrees). For evoked potential testing, visual and auditory (1000 Hz, \/ba\/, and \/da\/) evoked potentials were measured. Results: The results showed that CI users understood speech better than those with HL in all conditions except for the noise from +90 and \u221290 degrees. In the CI group, a decrease in P1 amplitudes was noted across all channels after implantation. The NH group exhibited the highest amplitudes, followed by the HL group, with the CI group (post-CI) showing the lowest amplitudes. In terms of auditory evoked potentials, the smallest amplitude was observed in the pre-CI condition regardless of the type of stimulus. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that examined visual and auditory evoked potentials based on various hearing profiles. The characteristics of evoked potentials varied across participant groups, and further studies with CI users are necessary, as there are significant challenges in collecting and analyzing evoked potentials due to artifact issues on the CI side.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13164941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T12:38:43Z","timestamp":1724416723000},"page":"4941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["P1 and N1 Characteristics in Individuals with Normal Hearing and Hearing Loss, and Cochlear Implant Users: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7040-1884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hye Yoon","family":"Seol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Disorders, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soojin","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Digital Humanities and Computational Social Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sungkean","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human\u2013Computer Interaction, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Robot Engineering Systems, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6426-7737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jihoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Robot Engineering Systems, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6510-3399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Euijin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human\u2013Computer Interaction, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung Hwa","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soree Ear Clinic, Seoul 07560, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Il Joon","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hearing Research Laboratory, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 16419, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Dobie, R.A., Van Hemel, S., and Council, N.R. 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