{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T13:56:16Z","timestamp":1790085376103,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Medical University of Bialystok","award":["B.SUB.24.166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.24.166"]}]},{"name":"the Medical University of Bialystok","award":["B.SUB.24.503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.24.503"]}]},{"name":"the Medical University of Bialystok","award":["B.SUB.24.297"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.24.297"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), diabetes mellitus (DM), inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are chronic conditions affecting millions globally. Despite differing clinical symptoms, these diseases share pathophysiological mechanisms involving metabolic and immune system dysregulation. This paper examines the intricate connections between these disorders, focusing on shared pathways such as insulin resistance, lipid metabolism dysregulation, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation. An important aspect is the role of amyloid-beta plaques and tau protein tangles, which are hallmark features of AD. These protein aggregates are influenced by metabolic dysfunction and inflammatory processes similar to those seen in DM, RA, and IBD. This manuscript explores how amyloid and tau pathologies may be exacerbated by shared metabolic and immune dysfunction. Additionally, this work discusses the gut\u2013brain axis and the influence of gut microbiota in mediating disease interactions. Understanding these commonalities opens new avenues for multi-targeted therapeutic approaches that address the root causes rather than merely the symptoms of these conditions. This integrative perspective could lead to more effective interventions and improved patient outcomes, emphasizing the importance of a unified approach in managing these interconnected diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13175057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T10:01:51Z","timestamp":1724666511000},"page":"5057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Metabolic and Immune System Dysregulation: Unraveling the Connections between Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, Diabetes, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, and Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Doroszkiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Mroczko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izabela","family":"Winkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dementia Disorders Centre, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-425 Scinawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4075-8479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Mroczko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)70016-5","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"14","author":"Heneka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104580","article-title":"The Role of Neutrophils in Neuro-Immune Modulation","volume":"151","author":"Kanashiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01486-5","article-title":"Role of Neuroinflammation in Neurodegeneration Development","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e167","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2011.50","article-title":"Astrocytes Are Important Mediators of A\u03b2-Induced Neurotoxicity and Tau Phosphorylation in Primary Culture","volume":"2","author":"Garwood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.05.004","article-title":"Oligomers of \u03b2-Amyloid Protein (A\u03b21-42) Induce the Activation of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Astrocytes via an Interaction with Interleukin-1\u03b2, Tumour Necrosis Factor-\u03b1, and a Nuclear Factor \u03ba-B Mechanism in the Rat Brain","volume":"236","author":"Carrero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25158","article-title":"Microglia-Derived ASC Specks Cross-Seed Amyloid-\u03b2 in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"552","author":"Venegas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-4-47","article-title":"Does Neuroinflammation Fan the Flame in Neurodegenerative Diseases?","volume":"4","author":"Alto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147ra111","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003748","article-title":"A Paravascular Pathway Facilitates CSF Flow Through the Brain Parenchyma and the Clearance of Interstitial Solutes, Including Amyloid \u03b2","volume":"4","author":"Iliff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0368-8","article-title":"Functional Aspects of Meningeal Lymphatics in Aging and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"560","author":"Louveau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, X.F., Liu, D.X., Zhang, Q., Liang, F.Y., Dai, G.Y., Zeng, J.S., Pei, Z., Xu, G.Q., and Lan, Y. (2017). Voluntary Exercise Promotes Glymphatic Clearance of Amyloid Beta and Reduces the Activation of Astrocytes and Microglia in Aged Mice. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00144"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa179","article-title":"Impaired Glymphatic Function and Clearance of Tau in an Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Model","volume":"143","author":"Harrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16180","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3020-14.2014","article-title":"Impairment of Glymphatic Pathway Function Promotes Tau Pathology after Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"34","author":"Iliff","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02199-8","article-title":"Quan Chronic Colitis Exacerbates NLRP3-Dependent Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Impairment in Middle-Aged Brain","volume":"18","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1896","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1800165115","article-title":"Normal Aging Induces A1-like Astrocyte Reactivity","volume":"115","author":"Clarke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","article-title":"Neurotoxic Reactive Astrocytes Are Induced by Activated Microglia","volume":"541","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2024, July 15). Diabetes Facts and Figures|International Diabetes Federation. Available online: https:\/\/idf.org\/about-diabetes\/diabetes-facts-figures\/."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-3540-2_6","article-title":"Molecular Connection Between Diabetes and Dementia","volume":"1128","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2019.03.008","article-title":"Crucial Players in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Diabetes Mellitus: Friends or Foes?","volume":"181","author":"Piwowar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12087","article-title":"Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Dementia: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Observational Studies","volume":"4","author":"Gudala","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rorbach-Dolata, A., and Piwowar, A. (2019). Neurometabolic Evidence Supporting the Hypothesis of Increased Incidence of Type 3 Diabetes Mellitus in the 21st Century. Biomed. Res. Int., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1435276"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C.C., Chung, C.M., Leu, H.B., Lin, L.Y., Chiu, C.C., Hsu, C.Y., Chiang, C.H., Huang, P.H., Chen, T.J., and Lin, S.J. (2014). Diabetes Mellitus and the Risk of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087095"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos-Rodriguez, J.J., Molina-Gil, S., Ortiz-Barajas, O., Jimenez-Palomares, M., Perdomo, G., Cozar-Castellano, I., Lechuga-Sancho, A.M., and Garcia-Alloza, M. (2014). Central Proliferation and Neurogenesis Is Impaired in Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetes Animal Models. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089229"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5457.1433","article-title":"Mammalian Neural Stem Cells","volume":"287","author":"Gage","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.12.026","article-title":"Impaired Neurogenesis in Adult Type-2 Diabetic Rats","volume":"1258","author":"Lang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.11.009","article-title":"Prominently Decreased Hippocampal Neurogenesis in a Spontaneous Model of Type 1 Diabetes, the Nonobese Diabetic Mouse","volume":"210","author":"Beauquis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2010.08.012","article-title":"Impaired Neural Stem\/Progenitor Cell Proliferation in Streptozotocin-Induced and Spontaneous Diabetic Mice","volume":"68","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Tang, Y., and Cai, D. (2012). IKK\u03b2\/NF-\u039aB Disrupts Adult Hypothalamic Neural Stem Cells to Mediate Neurodegenerative Mechanism of Dietary Obesity and Pre-Diabetes. Nat. Cell Biol., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2562"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13497","article-title":"Regulation of Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein during Neuroglial Interactions","volume":"136","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1153","article-title":"Relationship Between Baseline Glycemic Control and Cognitive Function in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes and Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors: The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes-Memory in Diabetes (ACCORD-MIND) Trial","volume":"32","author":"Gerstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"293","article-title":"Glycosylated Hemoglobin Level and Development of Mild Cognitive Impairment or Dementia in Older Women","volume":"10","author":"Yaffe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31822f0435","article-title":"Glucose Tolerance Status and Risk of Dementia in the Community: The Hisayama Study","volume":"77","author":"Ohara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0752","article-title":"Diabetic Retinopathy and Cognitive Decline in Older People with Type 2 Diabetes: The Edinburgh Type 2 Diabetes Study","volume":"59","author":"Ding","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215740","article-title":"Glucose Levels and Risk of Dementia","volume":"369","author":"Crane","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.10.2335","article-title":"Acute Hyperglycemia Alters Mood State and Impairs Cognitive Performance in People with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"27","author":"Sommerfield","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0746","article-title":"Effects of Type 2 Diabetes on 12-Year Cognitive Change: Results from the Maastricht Aging Study","volume":"36","author":"Spauwen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-0023-4","article-title":"Cognitive Decline and Dementia in Diabetes--Systematic Overview of Prospective Observational Studies","volume":"48","author":"Cukierman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-120106","article-title":"Changes in Glycemic Control Are Associated with Changes in Cognition in Non-Diabetic Elderly","volume":"30","author":"Moshier","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravona-Springer, R., Heymann, A., Schmeidler, J., Moshier, E., Godbold, J., Sano, M., Leroith, D., Johnson, S., Preiss, R., and Koifman, K. (2014). Trajectories in Glycemic Control over Time Are Associated with Cognitive Performance in Elderly Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097384"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12035","article-title":"Diabetes in Older Adults: Consensus Report","volume":"60","author":"Briscoe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pugazhenthi, S., Qin, L., and Reddy, P.H. (2017). Common Neurodegenerative Pathways in Obesity, Diabetes, and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1863.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.04.017"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-0138","article-title":"Increased Brain Fatty Acid Uptake in Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"59","author":"Karmi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.225","article-title":"Insulin resistance is associated with alzheimer-like reductions in regional cerebral glucose metabolism for cognitively normal adults with pre-diabetes or early type 2 diabetes","volume":"68","author":"Baker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u0229dzikowska, A., and Szablewski, L. (2021). Insulin and Insulin Resistance in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189987"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neth, B.J., and Craft, S. (2017). Insulin Resistance and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Bioenergetic Linkages. Front. Aging Neurosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00345"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.4161\/cam.2.4.6354","article-title":"Hormonal Regulation of Hippocampal Dendritic Morphology and Synaptic Plasticity","volume":"2","author":"Moult","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Adhes. Migr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2005.03269.x","article-title":"Insulin Modulates Hippocampal Activity-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity in a N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor and Phosphatidyl-Inositol-3-Kinase-Dependent Manner","volume":"94","author":"Kamal","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1159\/000487641","article-title":"Mutual Relationship between Tau and Central Insulin Signalling: Consequences for AD and Tauopathies?","volume":"107","author":"Gratuze","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3561","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.051634698","article-title":"Insulin Promotes Rapid Delivery of N-Methyl-d- Aspartate Receptors to the Cell Surface by Exocytosis","volume":"98","author":"Skeberdis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02253672","article-title":"Involvement of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3359","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-09-03359.2002","article-title":"Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Is Required for the Expression But Not for the Induction or the Maintenance of Long-Term Potentiation in the Hippocampal CA1 Region","volume":"22","author":"Sanna","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7300","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-17-07300.1999","article-title":"The Insulin Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Substrate P58\/53 and the Insulin Receptor Are Components of CNS Synapses","volume":"19","author":"Abbott","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02221-9","article-title":"Brain Insulin Resistance Impairs Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity and Memory by Increasing GluA1 Palmitoylation through FoxO3a","volume":"8","author":"Spinelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2008.01.051","article-title":"Insulin, PKC Signaling Pathways and Synaptic Remodeling during Memory Storage and Neuronal Repair","volume":"585","author":"Nelson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2006.06.003","article-title":"Insulin Signaling in the Central Nervous System: Learning to Survive","volume":"79","author":"Ramakers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, S., Singh, S., Arora, A., Ram, P., Kumar, S., Kumar, P., and Abed, S.N. (2020). Pharmacology of GABA and Its Receptors. Frontiers in Pharmacology of Neurotransmitters, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-3556-7_8"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandoval-Salazar, C., Ram\u00edrez-Emiliano, J., Trejo-Bahena, A., Oviedo-Sol\u00eds, C.I., and Sol\u00eds-Ortiz, M.S. (2016). A High-Fat Diet Decreases GABA Concentration in the Frontal Cortex and Hippocampus of Rats. Biol. Res., 49.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40659-016-0075-6"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.185","article-title":"Brain Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer Disease: Concepts and Conundrums","volume":"14","author":"Arnold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2010.228","article-title":"Cognitive Function, Dementia and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Elderly","volume":"7","author":"Strachan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1063","article-title":"Epigenetic Mechanisms Linking Diabetes and Synaptic Impairments","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.01.004","article-title":"Insulin, Insulin-Degrading Enzyme and Amyloid-Beta Peptide in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Review and Hypothesis","volume":"27","author":"Qiu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.2174\/18715273113126660139","article-title":"Insulin-Degrading Enzyme: A Link between Alzheimer\u2019s and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Haque","year":"2014","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2010.03830.x","article-title":"Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Shared Pathology and Treatment?","volume":"71","author":"Akter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.2.474","article-title":"Increased Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Alzheimer Disease","volume":"53","author":"Janson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964634","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1964634","article-title":"The Microtubule-Associated Protein Tau and Its Relevance for Pancreatic Beta Cells","volume":"2016","author":"Maj","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25570","article-title":"Amylin as a Potential Link between Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer Disease","volume":"86","author":"Riverol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2017.01.020","article-title":"Metabolic Network Failures in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Biochemical Road Map","volume":"13","author":"Toledo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.06.004","article-title":"Decoding Alzheimer\u2019s Disease from Perturbed Cerebral Glucose Metabolism: Implications for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"108","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2013.12.012","article-title":"Brain Metabolic Dysfunction at the Core of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"88","author":"Tong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15166","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review of Proteomic Studies","volume":"156","author":"Carvalho","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshino, S., Fujimoto, K., Takada, T., Kawamura, S., Ogawa, J., Kamata, Y., Kodera, Y., and Shichiri, M. (2019). Molecular Form and Concentration of Serum A2-Macroglobulin in Diabetes. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49144-7"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12382","article-title":"Association of Salivary Alpha 2-Macroglobulin Levels and Clinical Characteristics in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Chung","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.IJEM_40_19","article-title":"Relationship between Salivary Alpha-2 Macroglobulin and HbA1c among Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"23","author":"Gravina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian. J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.33.2.163","article-title":"Serum Alpha 2-Macroglobulin Levels in Diabetes","volume":"33","author":"James","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm-2018-0027","article-title":"A2-Macroglobulin in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: New Roles for an Old Chaperone","volume":"12","author":"Seddighi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomark. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.206","article-title":"Alpha-2 Macroglobulin in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Marker of Neuronal Injury through the RCAN1 Pathway","volume":"22","author":"Varma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.02.016","article-title":"Mechanisms Underlying Inflammation in Neurodegeneration","volume":"140","author":"Glass","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.026","article-title":"Neuronal Driven Pre-Plaque Inflammation in a Transgenic Rat Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"35","author":"Hanzel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2012.12.009","article-title":"Effects of Central and Peripheral Inflammation on Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity","volume":"52","author":"Chiasserini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S173","DOI":"10.1301\/nr.2007.dec.S173-S176","article-title":"Inflammaging as a Major Characteristic of Old People: Can It Be Prevented or Cured?","volume":"65","author":"Franceschi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29069","article-title":"Inflammation and Insulin Resistance","volume":"116","author":"Shoelson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skelly, D.T., Hennessy, E., Dansereau, M.A., and Cunningham, C. (2013). A Systematic Analysis of the Peripheral and CNS Effects of Systemic LPS, IL-1\u0392, TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 Challenges in C57BL\/6 Mice. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/90c76048-2edd-4315-8404-4d9d8cbd411e"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-151","article-title":"Systemic Immune Challenges Trigger and Drive Alzheimer-like Neuropathology in Mice","volume":"9","author":"Krstic","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.06.012","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of Cytokines in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"68","author":"Swardfager","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2013.01.002","article-title":"Systemic Immune System Alterations in Early Stages of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"256","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2008.02.002","article-title":"Differences of Peripheral Inflammatory Markers between Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"117","author":"Bermejo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koyama, A., O\u2019Brien, J., Weuve, J., Blacker, D., Metti, A.L., and Yaffe, K. (2013). The Role of Peripheral Inflammatory Markers in Dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Meta-Analysis. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 68.","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gls187"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000263217.36439.da","article-title":"Inflammatory Markers and the Risk of Alzheimer Disease: The Framingham Study","volume":"68","author":"Tan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2006.09.015","article-title":"Increased Production of Inflammatory Cytokines in Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"42","author":"Magaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, L., Xu, L., and Ouyang, W. (2013). Role of Peripheral Inflammatory Markers in Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction (POCD): A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079624"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"PL117","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(91)90385-O","article-title":"Blood to Brain Transport of Interleukin Links the Immune and Central Nervous Systems","volume":"48","author":"Banks","year":"1991","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(93)90027-V","article-title":"Murine Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Is Transported from Blood to Brain in the Mouse","volume":"47","author":"Gutierrez","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0208108","article-title":"Aging, Microglial Cell Priming, and the Discordant Central Inflammatory Response to Signals from the Peripheral Immune System","volume":"84","author":"Dilger","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-11-73","article-title":"Peripheral Inflammation Is Associated with Remote Global Gene Expression Changes in the Brain","volume":"11","author":"Thomson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2022.08.017","article-title":"Influence of Diabetes Mellitus on Inflammatory Bowel Disease Course and Treatment Outcomes. A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis","volume":"55","author":"Fuschillo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60150-0","article-title":"Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"380","author":"Eckmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0804647","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"361","author":"Abraham","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"5A","article-title":"Toward an Integrated Clinical, Molecular and Serological Classification of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Report of a Working Party of the 2005 Montreal World Congress of Gastroenterology","volume":"19","author":"Silverberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31711-1","article-title":"Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"389","author":"Torres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-320789","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease Is Associated with Higher Dementia Risk: A Nationwide Longitudinal Study","volume":"70","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210103","article-title":"Association Between Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Dementia: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"80","author":"Zingel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17119","article-title":"Risk of Dementia in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Danish Population-Based Study","volume":"56","author":"Troelsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201489","article-title":"Inflammatory Diseases, Inflammatory Biomarkers, and Alzheimer Disease: An Observational Analysis and Mendelian Randomization","volume":"100","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amoroso, C., Perillo, F., Strati, F., Fantini, M.C., Caprioli, F., and Facciotti, F. (2020). The Role of Gut Microbiota Biomodulators on Mucosal Immunity and Intestinal Inflammation. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9051234"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szandruk-Bender, M., Wiatrak, B., and Szel\u0105g, A. (2022). The Risk of Developing Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Parkinson\u2019s Disease in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11133704"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.10.012","article-title":"Roles for Intestinal Bacteria, Viruses, and Fungi in Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Therapeutic Approaches","volume":"152","author":"Sartor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"7697851","article-title":"Cornelian Cherry Iridoid-Polyphenolic Extract Improves Mucosal Epithelial Barrier Integrity in Rat Experimental Colitis and Exerts Antimicrobial and Antiadhesive Activities In Vitro","volume":"2020","author":"Rutkowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schirmer, M., Garner, A., Vlamakis, H., and Xavier, R.J. (2019). Microbial Genes and Pathways in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 17.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0213-6"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273106","article-title":"Gut Instincts: Microbiota as a Key Regulator of Brain Development, Ageing and Neurodegeneration","volume":"595","author":"Dinan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aambs.2015.02.001","article-title":"Microbiota Regulation of the Mammalian Gut-Brain Axis","volume":"91","author":"Burokas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiatrak, B., Balon, K., Jawie\u0144, P., Bednarz, D., J\u0119\u015bkowiak, I., and Szel\u0105g, A. (2022). The Role of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in the Development of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094862"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1681041","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Including Focal Presentations","volume":"39","author":"Villain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doroszkiewicz, J., Groblewska, M., and Mroczko, B. (2021). The Role of Gut Microbiota and Gut\u2013Brain Interplay in Selected Diseases of the Central Nervous System. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221810028"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brandalise, F., Roda, E., Ratto, D., Goppa, L., Gargano, M.L., Cirlincione, F., Priori, E.C., Venuti, M.T., Pastorelli, E., and Savino, E. (2023). Hericium Erinaceus in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Bench to Bedside and Beyond, How Far from the Shoreline?. J. Fungi, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9050551"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9973678","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9973678","article-title":"A Mixture of Ginkgo Biloba L. Leaf and Hericium Erinaceus (Bull.) Pers. Fruit Extract Attenuates Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairments in Mice","volume":"2022","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roda, E., Priori, E.C., Ratto, D., De Luca, F., Di Iorio, C., Angelone, P., Locatelli, C.A., Desiderio, A., Goppa, L., and Savino, E. (2021). Neuroprotective Metabolites of Hericium Erinaceus Promote Neuro-Healthy Aging. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126379"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shirvani, M., Nouri, F., Sarihi, A., Habibi, P., and Mohammadi, M. (2024). Neuroprotective Effects of Dehydroepiandrosterone and Hericium Erinaceus in Scopolamine-Induced Alzheimer\u2019s Diseases-like Symptoms in Male Rats. Cell Biochem. Biophys., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-024-01400-y"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16311","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c10459","article-title":"Combining Deep Learning and Structural Modeling to Identify Potential Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors from Hericium Erinaceus","volume":"9","author":"Sutthibutpong","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85838","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20689","article-title":"Extracts from Hericium Erinaceus Relieve Inflammatory Bowel Disease by Regulating Immunity and Gut Microbiota","volume":"8","author":"Diling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3769","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2550-9","article-title":"Microbiome, Probiotics and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Deciphering the Gut Brain Axis","volume":"74","author":"Westfall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuw023","article-title":"Role of Gut Microbiota and Nutrients in Amyloid Formation and Pathogenesis of Alzheimer Disease","volume":"74","author":"Pistollato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4030","article-title":"Host Microbiota Constantly Control Maturation and Function of Microglia in the CNS","volume":"18","author":"Erny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263ra158","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009759","article-title":"The Gut Microbiota Influences Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Mice","volume":"6","author":"Braniste","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S., Kim, J., Chun, J., Han, K., Soh, H., Kang, E.A., Lee, H.J., Im, J.P., and Kim, J.S. (2019). Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Are at an Increased Risk of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A South Korean Nationwide Population-Based Study. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8081191"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-161141","article-title":"The Gut Microbiota and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"58","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Smith, D., Leong, B.J., Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m, K., Almqvist, F., and Chapman, M.R. (2012). Promiscuous Cross-Seeding between Bacterial Amyloids Promotes Interspecies Biofilms. J. Biol. Chem., 287.","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.383737"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-142841","article-title":"Mechanisms of Molecular Mimicry Involving the Microbiota in Neurodegeneration","volume":"45","author":"Friedland","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.10.080","article-title":"Microbes in Gastrointestinal Health and Disease","volume":"136","author":"Neish","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104344","article-title":"The Critical Role of Faecalibacterium Prausnitzii in Human Health: An Overview","volume":"149","author":"Leylabadlo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2016.08.019","article-title":"Association of Brain Amyloidosis with Pro-Inflammatory Gut Bacterial Taxa and Peripheral Inflammation Markers in Cognitively Impaired Elderly","volume":"49","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.103","article-title":"Neuroplasticity and Dysfunction after Gastrointestinal Inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Brierley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9285","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202000414R","article-title":"Tau Accumulates in Crohn\u2019s Disease Gut","volume":"34","author":"Prigent","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-018-0568-3","article-title":"Characterisation of Tau in the Human and Rodent Enteric Nervous System under Physiological Conditions and in Tauopathy","volume":"6","author":"Lionnet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.12.031","article-title":"Tau Immunoreactivity in Peripheral Tissues of Human Aging and Select Tauopathies","volume":"696","author":"Dugger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1943-7","article-title":"Enteric Alpha-Synuclein Expression Is Increased in Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"137","author":"Prigent","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.05.002","article-title":"Detection of Alpha-Synuclein Aggregates in Gastrointestinal Biopsies by Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification","volume":"129","author":"Fenyi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, L., Shen, Y., Li, H., Zhang, R., Yu, S., and Wu, Q. (2023). Shared Genes of PPARG and NOS2 in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis Drive Macrophages and Microglia Polarization: Evidence from Bioinformatics Analysis and Following Validation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065651"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gravina, A.G., Pellegrino, R., Durante, T., Palladino, G., Imperio, G., D\u2019Amico, G., Trotta, M.C., Dallio, M., Romeo, M., and D\u2019Amico, M. (2023). The Melanocortin System in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Insights into Its Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potentials. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12141889"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0706426","article-title":"The Melanocortin System in Leukocyte Biology","volume":"81","author":"Catania","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2008.04.002","article-title":"Neuroprotective Actions of Melanocortins: A Therapeutic Opportunity","volume":"31","author":"Catania","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"1298","article-title":"Localization of the Melanocortin-4 Receptor (MC4-R) in Neuroendocrine and Autonomic Control Circuits in the Brain","volume":"8","author":"Mountjoy","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30555","article-title":"Physiology and Immunology of the Cholinergic Antiinflammatory Pathway","volume":"117","author":"Tracey","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6354-3_6","article-title":"Melanocortins and the Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway","volume":"681","author":"Giuliani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i176","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab232.201","article-title":"P072 Melanocortin MC3 and MC5 Receptors Expression Is Different According to Colonic Disease Activity in Crohn\u2019s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis Biopsies: Results from an Immunohistochemical Observational Study","volume":"16","author":"Gravina","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.10.004","article-title":"The Melanocortin-4 Receptor Is Expressed in Enteroendocrine L Cells and Regulates the Release of Peptide YY and Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 In Vivo","volume":"20","author":"Panaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3282-12.2013","article-title":"Melanocortin-4 Receptor Regulates Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity through a Protein Kinase A-Dependent Mechanism","volume":"33","author":"Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.10.043","article-title":"Stimulation of the Hippocampal POMC\/MC4R Circuit Alleviates Synaptic Plasticity Impairment in an Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Model","volume":"17","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2013.08.030","article-title":"Melanocortins Protect against Progression of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease in Triple-Transgenic Mice by Targeting Multiple Pathophysiological Pathways","volume":"35","author":"Giuliani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2014.06.063","article-title":"Melanocortins Protect against Brain Damage and Counteract Cognitive Decline in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Moderate Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"740","author":"Giuliani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Chawla, M.K., Rios-Monterrosa, J.L., Wang, L., Zempare, M.A., Hruby, V.J., Barnes, C.A., and Cai, M. (2021). Aged Brains Express Less Melanocortin Receptors, Which Correlates with Age-Related Decline of Cognitive Functions. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26206266"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270005277938","article-title":"Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Overview of New and Emerging Therapies","volume":"45","author":"Doan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200103223441207","article-title":"Cytokine Pathways and Joint Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"344","author":"Choy","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.11.056","article-title":"Amelioration of Clinical Symptoms of Patients with Refractory Rheumatoid Arthritis Following Treatment with Autologous Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Successful Clinical Trial in Iran","volume":"109","author":"Ghoryani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"3","article-title":"The Role of Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"38 Suppl 2","author":"Feldmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2009.01.063","article-title":"Study of the Human Plasma Proteome of Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"1216","author":"Zheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13506120802676781","article-title":"AL-Base: A Visual Platform Analysis Tool for the Study of Amyloidogenic Immunoglobulin Light Chain Sequences","volume":"16","author":"Bodi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Amyloid"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-181249","article-title":"The Potential Influence of Bone-Derived Modulators on the Progression of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"69","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2019.06.016","article-title":"Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Potential Early, Red-Flag Sign of Amyloidosis","volume":"44","author":"Donnelly","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13506129.2019.1693359","article-title":"Causes of AA Amyloidosis: A Systematic Review","volume":"27","author":"Brunger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Amyloid"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3672","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.8.3672","article-title":"Regulation of Surface and Soluble TNF Receptor Expression on Human Monocytes and Synovial Fluid Macrophages by IL-4 and IL-10","volume":"157","author":"Hart","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1256","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007094","article-title":"Systemic Inflammation during Midlife and Cognitive Change over 20 Years: The ARIC Study","volume":"92","author":"Walker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, T.M., Chen, W.S., Sheu, J.J., Chen, Y.H., Chen, J.H., and Chang, C.C. (2018). Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases Increase Dementia Risk in Middle-Aged Patients: A Nationwide Cohort Study. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186475"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-111736","article-title":"Midlife Rheumatoid Arthritis Increases the Risk of Cognitive Impairment Two Decades Later: A Population-Based Study","volume":"31","author":"Wallin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-Santos, M.T., Garriga, C., Judge, A., Batra, R.N., Price, A.J., Liddle, A.D., Javaid, M.K., Cooper, C., Murray, D.W., and Arden, N.K. (2018). Development and Validation of a Clinical Prediction Model for Patient-Reported Pain and Function after Primary Total Knee Replacement Surgery. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21714-1"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(01)00297-4","article-title":"Do NSAIDs Prevent Alzheimer\u2019s Disease? And, If so, Why? The Epidemiological Evidence","volume":"22","author":"Zandi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Policicchio, S., Ahmad, A.N., Powell, J.F., and Proitsi, P. (2017). Rheumatoid Arthritis and Risk for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis and a Mendelian Randomization Study. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13168-8"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Anti-inflammatory Prevention Trial Research Group (2013). Results of a Follow-up Study to the Randomized Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Anti-Inflammatory Prevention Trial (ADAPT). Alzheimers Dement., 9, 714\u2013723.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2012.11.012"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000382054","article-title":"Cellular Senescence and the Biology of Aging, Disease, and Frailty","volume":"83","author":"Lebrasseur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nestle Nutr. Inst. Workshop Ser."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-016-0374-z","article-title":"Treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis and Risk of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Nested Case-Control Analysis","volume":"30","author":"Chou","year":"2016","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2017.10.002","article-title":"Protective Effect of Antirheumatic Drugs on Dementia in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients","volume":"3","author":"Judge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia Transl. Res. Clin. Interv."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trzeciak, P., Herbet, M., and Dudka, J. (2021). Common Factors of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Rheumatoid Arthritis\u2014Pathomechanism and Treatment. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26196038"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/17\/5057\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:43:01Z","timestamp":1760110981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/17\/5057"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"references-count":170,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13175057"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13175057","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]}}}