{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T03:41:30Z","timestamp":1791862890974,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":224,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005297","name":"Medical University of Bialystok","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B.SUB.24.445"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.24.445"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005297","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since game mechanics and their visual aspects have become more and more addictive, there is concern about the growing prevalence of Internet gaming disorder (IGD). In the current narrative review, we searched PubMed and Google Scholar databases for the keywords \u201cigd biomarker gaming\u201d and terms related to biomarker modalities. The biomarkers we found are grouped into several categories based on a measurement method and are discussed in the light of theoretical addiction models (tripartite neurocognitive model, I-PACE). Both theories point to gaming-related problems with salience and inhibition. The first dysfunction makes an individual more susceptible to game stimuli (raised reward seeking), and the second negatively impacts resistance to these stimuli (decreased cognitive control). The IGD patients\u2019 hypersensitivity to reward manifests mostly in ventral striatum (VS) measurements. However, there is also empirical support for a ventral-to-dorsal striatal shift and transition from goal-directed to habitual behaviors. The deficits in executive control are demonstrated in parameters related to the prefrontal cortex (PFC), especially the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). In general, the connection of PFC with reward under cortex nuclei seems to be dysregulated. Other biomarkers include reduced P3 amplitudes, high-frequency heart rate variability (HRV), and the number of eye blinks and saccadic eye movements during the non-resting state. A few studies propose a diagnostic (multimodal) model of IGD. The current review also comments on inconsistencies in findings in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and precuneus and makes suggestions for future IGD studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13175110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T11:54:10Z","timestamp":1724846050000},"page":"5110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Biomarkers of Internet Gaming Disorder\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1309-9674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Skok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, University of Bialystok, ul. \u015awierkowa 20, 15-328 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7021-5133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Napoleon","family":"Waszkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, pl. Wo\u0142odyjowskiego 2, 15-272 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Clement, J. (2024, March 28). Online Gaming-Statistics & Facts. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/topics\/1551\/online-gaming\/#topicOverview."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.06.049","article-title":"The Prevalence and Possible Risk Factors of Internet Gaming Disorder among Adolescents and Young Adults: Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses","volume":"154","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. 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