{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T16:12:01Z","timestamp":1788883921663,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Drug-induced or associated vasculitis is a prevalent form of vasculitis that resembles primary idiopathic antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA) vasculitis (AAV). Cocaine is a diffuse psychostimulant drug and levamisole is a synthetic compound used to cut cocaine. Their abuse may result in a spectrum of autoimmune manifestations which could be categorized into three overlapping clinical pictures: cocaine-induced midline destructive lesion (CIMDL), levamisole-adulterated cocaine (LAC) vasculopathy\/vasculitis, and cocaine-induced vasculitis (CIV). The mechanisms by which cocaine use leads to disorders resembling AAV are not well understood. Cocaine can cause autoimmune manifestations ranging from localized nasal lesions to systemic diseases, with neutrophils playing a key role through NETosis and ANCA development, which exacerbates immune responses and tissue damage. Diagnosing and treating these conditions becomes challenging when cocaine and levamisole abuse is not suspected, due to the differences and overlaps in clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic aspects compared to primary idiopathic vasculitides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13175116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T11:54:10Z","timestamp":1724846050000},"page":"5116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Cocaine- and Levamisole-Induced Vasculitis: Defining the Spectrum of Autoimmune Manifestations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Luca","family":"Iorio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9429-419X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Davanzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7272-7469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Cazzador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology Section, Department of Neuroscience DNS, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Codirenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Fiorin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Zanatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piero","family":"Nicolai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology Section, Department of Neuroscience DNS, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0548-4983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Doria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2356-375X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Padoan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37715","article-title":"2012 Revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides","volume":"65","author":"Jennette","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e3282f1dcf2","article-title":"Vasculitis mimics","volume":"20","author":"Molloy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. 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