{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:22:53Z","timestamp":1760145773914,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: We aimed to explore the still-debated association between smoking and hyperglycaemia in pregnancy (HIP). Methods: A multiethnic prospective study of 15,801 women who delivered at Jean Verdier University Hospital between 2012 and 2018. Of these, 13,943 (88.2%) were non-smokers, 624 (4.5%) former smokers, and 1234 (7.8%) current smokers. Universal HIP screening was proposed to the entire sample (IADPSG\/WHO criteria). Results: A total of 13,958 women were screened for HIP. Uptake differed between non-smokers, former smokers, and current smokers (89.5%, 88.3%, and 75.7%, respectively, p &lt; 0.0001). HIP prevalence in these groups was 19.9%, 15.4%, and 12.3%, respectively (p &lt; 0.0001). After adjusting for age, body mass index, family history of diabetes, history of HIP, history of macrosomic baby, and ethnicity, current (odds ratio 0.790 [95% confidence interval 0.636\u20130.981], p &lt; 0.05) but not former (1.017 [0.792\u20131.306]) smokers were less likely to have HIP than non-smokers. Furthermore, 1 h and 2 h oral plasma glucose test values were lower in current smokers than in non-smokers (p &lt; 0.01). To exclude potential selection bias, we compared risk factors for HIP and HIP-related adverse pregnancy outcomes in current smokers according to HIP screening status. Compared with screened current smokers (n = 934), their unscreened counterparts (n = 300) were younger, less frequently employed, and more likely to be of non-European origin. Moreover, infant birthweight was lower in this group, and preterm deliveries and perinatal deaths were more likely (all p &lt; 0.01). Conclusions: Smoking during pregnancy was independently associated with lower HIP prevalence. The low HIP screening rate in current smokers did not explain this finding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13175149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T07:45:47Z","timestamp":1725003947000},"page":"5149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hyperglycaemia in Pregnancy Is Less Frequent in Smokers: A French Observational Study of 15,801 Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8785-3385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Cosson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, Avicenne Hospital, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Nutrition, CRNH-IdF, CINFO, Paris 13 University, 93000 Bobigny, France"},{"name":"INSERM, INRAE, CNAM, Center of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord and Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, 93017 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sopio","family":"Tatulashvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, Avicenne Hospital, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Nutrition, CRNH-IdF, CINFO, Paris 13 University, 93000 Bobigny, France"},{"name":"INSERM, INRAE, CNAM, Center of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord and Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, 93017 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6303-8557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Vicaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, Unit\u00e9 de Recherche Clinique St-Louis-Lariboisi\u00e8re, Universit\u00e9 Denis Diderot, 75010 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lionel","family":"Carbillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, Jean Verdier Hospital, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Paris 13 University, 93140 Bondy, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0274-6039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Bihan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, Avicenne Hospital, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Nutrition, CRNH-IdF, CINFO, Paris 13 University, 93000 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Imen","family":"Rezgani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, Avicenne Hospital, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Nutrition, CRNH-IdF, CINFO, Paris 13 University, 93000 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9512-1782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, Avicenne Hospital, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Nutrition, CRNH-IdF, CINFO, Paris 13 University, 93000 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meriem","family":"Sal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, Avicenne Hospital, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Nutrition, CRNH-IdF, CINFO, Paris 13 University, 93000 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Zerguine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, Avicenne Hospital, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Nutrition, CRNH-IdF, CINFO, Paris 13 University, 93000 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Fermaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, Jean Verdier Hospital, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Paris 13 University, 93140 Bondy, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3694-456X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Jacques","family":"Portal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, Unit\u00e9 de Recherche Clinique St-Louis-Lariboisi\u00e8re, Universit\u00e9 Denis Diderot, 75010 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0460-7614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jardena J.","family":"Puder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetric Service, Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Am\u00e9lie","family":"Benbara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, Jean Verdier Hospital, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Paris 13 University, 93140 Bondy, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0719","article-title":"International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel","volume":"33","author":"Metzger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2010.11.003","article-title":"Expert Consensus on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"36","author":"Vambergue","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12552","article-title":"Reported Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes in Scotland: The Relationship with Obesity, Age, Socioeconomic Status, Smoking and Macrosomia, and How Many Are We Missing?","volume":"8","author":"Collier","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13023","article-title":"Trends and Predictors of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Chile","volume":"148","author":"Garmendia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. Off. Organ Int. Fed. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.05.035","article-title":"The Global Prevalence of Tobacco Use in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"154","author":"Roderick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2022.101370","article-title":"Smoking and Diabetes Interplay: A Comprehensive Review and Joint Statement","volume":"48","author":"Durlach","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2654","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.22.2654","article-title":"Active Smoking and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"298","author":"Willi","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2018.1500547","article-title":"Association between Cigarette Smoking during Pregnancy and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-023-03423-6","article-title":"Smoking during Pregnancy and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"82","author":"Athanasiadou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2019.09.002","article-title":"Performance of a Selective Screening Strategy for Diagnosis of Hyperglycaemia in Pregnancy as Defined by IADPSG\/WHO Criteria","volume":"46","author":"Cosson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1017\/jsc.2017.25","article-title":"Systematic Review of Clinician-Reported Barriers to Provision of Smoking Cessation Interventions in Hospital Inpatient Settings","volume":"13","author":"Sharpe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Smok. Cessat."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2013.12.002","article-title":"Factors Associated with Screening for Glucose Abnormalities after Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Baseline Cohort of the Interventional IMPACT Study","volume":"40","author":"Bihan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e037945","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-037945","article-title":"The Association between Cigarette Smoking, Cancer Screening, and Cancer Stage: A Prospective Study of the Women\u2019s Health Initiative Observational Cohort","volume":"10","author":"Eng","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2022.101330","article-title":"Metabolic Characteristics and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes for Women with Hyperglycaemia in Pregnancy as a Function of Insulin Resistance","volume":"48","author":"Cosson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2018.11.006","article-title":"Early Screening for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Is Not Associated with Improved Pregnancy Outcomes: An Observational Study Including 9795 Women","volume":"45","author":"Cosson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bihan, H., Nachtargeale, C., Vicaud, E., Sal, M., Berkane, N., Pinto, S., Tatulashvili, S., Fermaut, M., Carbillon, L., and Cosson, E. (2023). Impact of Experiencing Multiple Vulnerabilities on Fetal Growth and Complications in Women with Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-023-06048-9"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gestation and Diabetes in France Study Group (1991). Multicenter Survey of Diabetic Pregnancy in France. Diabetes Care, 14, 994\u20131000.","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.14.11.994"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3383","article-title":"The Diagnostic and Prognostic Performance of a Selective Screening Strategy for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus According to Ethnicity in Europe","volume":"99","author":"Cosson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trends in Smoking before, during, and after Pregnancy\u2014Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, United States, 40 Sites, 2000\u20132010","volume":"62","author":"Tong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27302008000600008","article-title":"Gestational Diabetes and Pre-Eclampsia: Common Antecedents?","volume":"52","author":"Wendland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Endocrinol. Metabol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2008.1024","article-title":"Consequences of Smoking during Pregnancy on Maternal Health","volume":"18","author":"Roelands","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.04.026","article-title":"Cigarette Smoking and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Hispanic Woman","volume":"105","author":"Szegda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12304","article-title":"The Association between Quitting Smoking and Weight Gain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies","volume":"16","author":"Tian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes. Rev. Off. J. Int. Assoc. Study Obes."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sung, D.-E., Lee, S.-J., Lee, M.-Y., Rhee, E.-J., and Sung, K.-C. (2024). Longitudinal Analysis of Diabetes Mellitus Risk: Smoking Status and Smoking Cessation. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13133927"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12966","article-title":"Smoking Affects the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Profile and the Relationship between Glucose and HbA1c in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"33","author":"Aulinas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabet. Med. J. Br. Diabet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107901","article-title":"The Effect of Smoking on the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and the OGTT Profile during Pregnancy","volume":"158","author":"Konstantakou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-3058-y","article-title":"HbA1c, Fasting and 2 h Plasma Glucose in Current, Ex- and Never-Smokers: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"57","author":"Soulimane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1517\/03009734000000046","article-title":"The Effect of Smoking on Glucose Homeostasis and Fetal Growth in Pregnant Women","volume":"105","author":"Lindmark","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ups. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1","article-title":"High Prevalence of Early (1st Trimester) Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Polish Women Is Accompanied by Marked Insulin Resistance\u2014Comparison to PCOS Model","volume":"73","author":"Lewandowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106860","article-title":"Central and Peripheral Actions of Nicotine That Influence Blood Glucose Homeostasis and the Development of Diabetes","volume":"194","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2012.36","article-title":"Self-Reported Smoking Status and Plasma Cotinine Concentrations among Pregnant Women in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study","volume":"72","author":"Kvalvik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000005102","article-title":"Risk of Stillbirth in Pregnancies Complicated by Diabetes, Stratified by Fetal Growth","volume":"141","author":"McElwee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2022.100781","article-title":"Acute Coronary Syndrome during Pregnancy and Postpartum in France: The Nationwide CONCEPTION Study","volume":"5","author":"Blacher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-32554-0_10","article-title":"Impact of Prenatal Nicotine Exposure on Placental Function and Respiratory Neural Network Development","volume":"1428","author":"Bravo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.12360","article-title":"Exposure to Cigarette Smoke Affects Endometrial Maturation Including Angiogenesis and Decidualization","volume":"20","author":"Kida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadg3451","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adg3451","article-title":"Tobacco Smoke Exposure Recruits Inflammatory Airspace Monocytes That Establish Permissive Lung Niches for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis","volume":"15","author":"Corleis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/17\/5149\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:45:35Z","timestamp":1760111135000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/17\/5149"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13175149"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13175149","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]}}}