{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:24:23Z","timestamp":1760145863748,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Alfonso Martin Escudero Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The number of structural aortic valve procedures has increased significantly in recent years. Pre-procedural planning and follow-up with noninvasive testing are essential. Although cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is the gold standard for assessing left ventricular mass, volume, and function, it is not performed routinely in patients undergoing structural interventions. CMR can provide useful information for pre- and post-procedural assessment, including quantification of cardiac function, myocardial assessment, grading of the severity of valvular heart disease, and evaluation of extracardiac anatomy while avoiding the limitations of other non-invasive modalities. Here, we review the use cases, future perspectives, and limitations of CMR for patients undergoing structural aortic valve procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13175184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T10:07:35Z","timestamp":1725271655000},"page":"5184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for Structural Aortic Valve Stenosis Procedures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4567-7782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos","family":"Ferr\u00e1ndez-Escarabajal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hadley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab395","article-title":"ESC\/EACTS Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC\/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease","volume":"43","author":"Vahanian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1700456","article-title":"Surgical or Transcatheter Aortic-Valve Replacement in Intermediate-Risk Patients","volume":"376","author":"Reardon","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2307447","article-title":"Partner 3 Investigators. Transcatheter Aortic-Valve Replacement in Low-Risk Patients at Five Years","volume":"389","author":"Mack","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac504","article-title":"Valvular heart disease: Shifting the focus to the myocardium","volume":"44","author":"Delgado","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.07.003","article-title":"Aortic Valve Disease, Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement, and the Heart Failure Patient: A State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"11","author":"Okumus","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010356","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.119.010356","article-title":"Usefulness of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Aortic Stenosis","volume":"13","author":"Bohbot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.09.029","article-title":"CMR in Evaluating Valvular Heart Disease: Diagnosis, Severity, and Outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Myerson","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeu055","article-title":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging for bicuspid aortic valve syndrome: The time is now","volume":"15","author":"Shenoy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2003.022376","article-title":"Evaluation of aortic stenosis by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging: Comparison with es-tablished routine clinical techniques","volume":"90","author":"Kupfahl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"601","article-title":"What do you mean by aortic valve area: Geometric orifice area, effective orifice area, or gorlin area?","volume":"15","author":"Garcia","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Heart Valve Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2020190039","article-title":"Phase-Contrast MRI: Physics, Techniques, and Clinical Applications","volume":"40","author":"Wymer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000095268.47282.A1","article-title":"Practical value of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for clinical quantification of aortic valve stenosis: Comparison with echocardiography","volume":"108","author":"Caruthers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Archer, G.T., Elhawaz, A., Barker, N., Fidock, B., Rothman, A., van der Geest, R.J., Hose, R., Briffa, N., Hall, I.R., and Grech, E. (2020). Validation of four-dimensional flow cardiovascular magnetic reso-nance for aortic stenosis assessment. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66659-6"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-023-00942-z","article-title":"4D Flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance consensus statement: 2023 update","volume":"25","author":"Bissell","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e209","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jead096","article-title":"Multimodality imaging for patient selection, procedural guidance, and follow-up of transcatheter inter-ventions for structural heart disease: A consensus document of the EACVI Task Force on Interventional Cardiovascular Im-aging: Part 1: Access routes, transcatheter aortic valve implantation, and transcatheter mitral valve interventions","volume":"24","author":"Agricola","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.03.007","article-title":"Impact of Anesthesia Strategy and Valve Type on Clinical Outcomes after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement","volume":"77","author":"Feistritzer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4625","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-018-5386-2","article-title":"Is MRI equivalent to CT in the guidance of TAVR? A pilot study","volume":"28","author":"Mayr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2011.01.044","article-title":"Evaluation of aortic root for definition of prosthesis size by magnetic resonance imaging and cardiac computed tomography: Implications for transcatheter aortic valve implantation","volume":"158","author":"Koos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.066498","article-title":"Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Versus Computed Tomography to Guide Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: A Randomized, Open-Label, Noninferiority Trial","volume":"148","author":"Reindl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu384","article-title":"Paravalvular regurgitation after transcatheter aortic valve replacement with the Edwards sapien valve in the PARTNER trial: Characterizing patients and impact on outcomes","volume":"36","author":"Kodali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"41","article-title":"Value of CMR in quantification of paravalvular aortic regurgitation after TAVI","volume":"17","author":"Salaun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2014-305615","article-title":"Cardiac magnetic resonance versus transthoracic echocardiography for the assessment and quantification of aortic regurgitation in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation","volume":"100","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2016.01.011","article-title":"Role of CMR in TAVR","volume":"9","author":"Rogers","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2014.02.038","article-title":"Comparison of two- and three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography to cardiac magnetic resonance im-aging for assessment of paravalvular regurgitation after transcatheter aortic valve implantation","volume":"113","author":"Altiok","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.05.059","article-title":"Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance to Evaluate Aortic Regurgitation after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement","volume":"68","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeae035","article-title":"Assessment of paravalvular regurgitation after transcatheter aortic valve replacement using 2D multi-venc and 4D flow CMR","volume":"25","author":"Rooijakkers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"283","article-title":"Imaging and Impact of Myocardial Fibrosis in Aortic Stenosis. JACC: Cardiovasc","volume":"12","author":"Bing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Imaging"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.02.612","article-title":"Prognostic Significance of LGE by CMR in Aortic Stenosis Patients Undergoing Valve Replacement","volume":"64","author":"Seldrum","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.924167","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of left and right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy: Differences in complication rate and diagnostic performance","volume":"122","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2023.03.021","article-title":"Cardiac Computed Tomography for Quantification of Myocardial Extracellular Volume Fraction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000081","DOI":"10.1161\/HCI.0000000000000081","article-title":"State-of-the-Art Imaging of Infiltrative Cardiomyopathies: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"16","author":"Kottam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-023-00925-0","article-title":"Revisiting how we perform late gadolinium enhancement CMR: Insights gleaned over 25 years of clinical practice","volume":"25","author":"Jenista","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jex052","article-title":"Adverse prognosis associated with asymmetric myocardial thickening in aortic stenosis","volume":"19","author":"Kwiecinski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.307974","article-title":"T1 Mapping in Characterizing Myocardial Disease: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"119","author":"Puntmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.14141120","article-title":"Assessment of Diffuse Myocardial Fibrosis by Using MR Imaging in Asymptomatic Patients with Aortic Stenosis","volume":"274","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx353","article-title":"Reappraising myocardial fibrosis in severe aortic stenosis: An invasive and non-invasive study in 133 patients","volume":"39","author":"Treibel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1756","article-title":"Light-chain and transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis in severe aortic stenosis: Prevalence, screening possibilities, and outcome","volume":"22","author":"Nitsche","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.03.064","article-title":"Midwall Fibrosis Is an Independent Predictor of Mortality in Patients With Aortic Stenosis","volume":"58","author":"Dweck","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.02.059","article-title":"Low-gradient aortic valve stenosis myocardial fibrosis and its influence on function and outcome","volume":"58","author":"Herrmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.113.000515","article-title":"Aortic valve area, stroke volume, left ventricular hypertrophy, remodeling, and fibrosis in aortic stenosis assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: Comparison between high and low gradient and normal and low flow aortic stenosis","volume":"6","author":"Seldrum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032839","article-title":"Myocardial Scar and Mortality in Severe Aortic Stenosis","volume":"138","author":"Musa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06386-3","article-title":"Prevalence and prognostic value of late gadolinium enhancement on CMR in aortic stenosis: Meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Balciunaite","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b10433","article-title":"Noncontrast Myocardial T1 Mapping by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Predicts Outcome in Patients With Aortic Stenosis","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC: Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.032","article-title":"Extracellular Myocardial Volume in Patients With Aortic Stenosis","volume":"75","author":"Everett","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.112.000115","article-title":"Aortic regurgitation and left ventricular remodeling after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: A serial cardiac magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"6","author":"Merten","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-022-00874-0","article-title":"Functional and structural reverse myocardial remodeling following transcatheter aortic valve replacement: A prospective cardiovascular magnetic resonance study","volume":"24","author":"Lange","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.847772","article-title":"Impact of Myocardial Fibrosis in Patients With Symptomatic Severe Aortic Stenosis","volume":"120","author":"Weidemann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.12.035","article-title":"Reverse Myocardial Remodeling Following Valve Replacement in Patients With Aortic Stenosis","volume":"71","author":"Treibel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.03.052","article-title":"Detection of Myocardial Injury by CMR after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement","volume":"64","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jez201","article-title":"Aortic valve replacement-induced changes in native T1 are related to prognosis in severe aortic stenosis: T1 mapping cardiac magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"21","author":"Hwang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007451","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.117.007451","article-title":"Progression of Hypertrophy and Myocardial Fibrosis in Aortic Stenosis: A Multicenter Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Study","volume":"11","author":"Everett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C58","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartjsupp\/suad007","article-title":"Cardiac magnetic resonance in ischemic cardiomyopathy: Present role and future directions","volume":"25","author":"Scatteia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020202903","article-title":"Use of Intravenous Gadolinium-based Contrast Media in Patients with Kidney Disease: Consensus Statements from the American College of Ra-diology and the National Kidney Foundation","volume":"298","author":"Weinreb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocmr.2024.100997","article-title":"The future of cardiovascular magnetic resonance: All-in-one vs. real-time (Part 1)","volume":"26","author":"Christodoulou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-023-00948-7","article-title":"Worldwide variation in cardiovascular magnetic resonance practice models","volume":"25","author":"Ferrari","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.05.047","article-title":"Markers of Myocardial Damage Predict Mortality in Patients With Aortic Stenosis","volume":"78","author":"Kwak","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/17\/5184\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:46:37Z","timestamp":1760111197000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/17\/5184"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13175184"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13175184","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]}}}