{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:47:31Z","timestamp":1791946051105,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation\u2014Flanders","award":["18B2721N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18B2721N"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation\u2014Flanders","award":["1831512N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1831512N"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent advances in vitiligo have provided promising treatment options, particularly through understanding the immune-mediated mechanisms leading to depigmentation. The inflammatory components in both vitiligo (non-segmental) and segmental vitiligo have similarities. Both are believed to result from an immune-based destruction of melanocytes by anti-melanocyte-specific cytotoxic T cells. The JAK-STAT pathway is activated with IFN-\u03b3 as the crucial cytokine and Th1-associated chemokines such as CXCL9 and CXCL10 recruit immune cells towards vitiligo skin. Nonetheless, clear differences are also present, such as the localized nature of segmental vitiligo, likely due to somatic mosaicism and increased presence of poliosis. The differing prevalence of poliosis suggests that the follicular immune privilege, which is known to involve immune checkpoints, may be more important in vitiligo (non-segmental). Immunomodulatory therapies, especially those targeting the JAK-IFN\u03b3 pathway, are currently at the forefront, offering effective inhibition of melanocyte destruction by cytotoxic T cells. Although Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitors demonstrate high repigmentation rates, optimal results can take several months to years. The influence of environmental UV exposure on repigmentation in patients receiving immunomodulating drugs remains largely underexplored. Nonetheless, the combined effect of phototherapy with JAK inhibitors is impressive and suggests a targeted immune-based treatment may still require additional stimulation of melanocytes for repigmentation. Identifying alternative melanocyte stimulants beyond UV light remains crucial for the future management of vitiligo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13175225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T09:56:42Z","timestamp":1725357402000},"page":"5225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Vitiligo: From Pathogenesis to Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9421-3546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reinhart","family":"Speeckaert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise Van","family":"Caelenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7484-8413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arno","family":"Belpaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9183-4390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marijn M.","family":"Speeckaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3249-8195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nanja van","family":"Geel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19451","article-title":"Worldwide Expert Recommendations for the Diagnosis and Management of Vitiligo: Position Statement from the International Vitiligo Task Force Part 1: Towards a New Management Algorithm","volume":"37","author":"Speeckaert","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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