{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T12:02:49Z","timestamp":1792324969575,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has recently demonstrated significant potential in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, its effectiveness depends on various parameters, including stimulation parameters, OCD subtypes and electrical fields (EFs) induced by rTMS in targeted brain regions that are less studied. Methods: Using the PRISMA approach, we examined 27 randomized control trials (RCTs) conducted from 1985 to 2024 using rTMS for the treatment of OCD and conducted several meta-analyses to investigate the role of rTMS parameters, including the EFs induced by each rTMS protocol, and OCD subtypes on treatment efficacy. Results: A significant, medium effect size was found, favoring active rTMS (gPPC = 0.59, p &lt; 0.0001), which was larger for the obsession subscale. Both supplementary motor area (SMA) rTMS (gPPC = 0.82, p = 0.048) and bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) rTMS (gPPC = 1.14, p = 0.04) demonstrated large effect sizes, while the right DLPFC showed a significant moderate effect size for reducing OCD severity (gPPC = 0.63, p = 0.012). These protocols induced the largest EFs in dorsal cognitive, ventral cognitive and sensorimotor circuits. rTMS protocols targeting DLPFC produced the strongest electrical fields in cognitive circuits, while pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) rTMS protocols induced larger fields in regions linked to emotional and affective processing in addition to cognitive circuits. The pre-SMA rTMS modulated more circuits involved in OCD pathophysiology\u2014sensorimotor, cognitive, affective, and frontolimbic\u2014with larger electrical fields than the other protocols. Conclusions: While rTMS shows moderate overall clinical efficacy, protocols targeting ventral and dorsal cognitive and sensorimotor circuits demonstrate the highest potential. The pre-SMA rTMS appears to induce electrical fields in more circuits relevant to OCD pathophysiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13185358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T09:10:57Z","timestamp":1725959457000},"page":"5358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Metaanalysis of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Efficacy for OCD Treatment: The Impact of Stimulation Parameters, Symptom Subtype and rTMS-Induced Electrical Field"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Fateme","family":"Dehghani-Arani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417935840, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2433-0712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Kazemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran 1738953355, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5848-7841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir-Homayun","family":"Hallajian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417935840, Iran"},{"name":"Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4034-1947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sepehr","family":"Sima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417935840, Iran"},{"name":"School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran 1956836613, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7692-3918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samaneh","family":"Boutimaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417935840, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1894-3069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sepideh","family":"Hedayati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3717-6467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saba","family":"Koushamoghadam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1445613111, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2333-5044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Razieh","family":"Safarifard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417935840, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1913-4677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Salehinejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran 1956836613, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, 44139 Dortmund, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"3651","article-title":"Consensus recommendations for the clinical application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of depression","volume":"79","author":"McClintock","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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