{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:44:22Z","timestamp":1790837062841,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Chronic unilateral vestibular hypofunction (UVH) can lead to disabling vestibular symptoms and a decrease in quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate etiologies, clinical subtypes, symptoms, and quality of life (QoL) in patients with chronic UVH. Methods: A retrospective study was performed on 251 UVH patients in a tertiary referral center. Inclusion criteria comprised reduced or absent caloric responses, with a caloric asymmetry ratio \u226525%. Patients with central vestibular pathology, symptom duration &lt;3 months, and incomplete responses to questionnaires were excluded. Patient records were assessed for etiologies, secondary vestibular diagnoses, clinical subtypes, and questionnaires related to QoL. Additionally, multiple linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate factors influencing QoL. Results: Thirteen different etiologies were identified, with Meni\u00e8re\u2019s Disease as the most prevalent (31%, n = 79). The most frequently reported secondary vestibular diagnoses were benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) (21%, n = 54) and persistent postural perceptual dizziness (PPPD) (19%, n = 47). Five distinct clinical subtypes were identified: recurrent vertigo with UVH (47%), rapidly progressive UVH (25%), idiopathic\/unknown UVH (18%), slowly progressive UVH (8%), and congenital UVH (2%). Over 80% of UVH patients experienced moderate-to-severe handicap, as indicated by the Dizziness Handicap Inventory. Approximately 20\u201325% of UVH patients exhibited moderate-to-severe depression and anxiety, based on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Multiple linear regression analyses demonstrated that the presence of PPPD significantly reduced QoL in chronic UVH patients. Conclusions: Chronic UVH is a heterogeneous disorder. Secondary vestibular diagnoses like BPPV and PPPD often co-exist and can significantly impact QoL. A structured diagnostic approach and tailored interventions are crucial to address the diverse needs of UVH patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13185381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T07:59:46Z","timestamp":1726041586000},"page":"5381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Chronic Unilateral Vestibular Hypofunction: Insights into Etiologies, Clinical Subtypes, Diagnostics and Quality of Life"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6149-3967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa","family":"Karabulut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vestibular Disorders, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Viechtbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, 6229HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2724-9300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lien","family":"Van Laer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy\/Movant, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Motor Centre Antwerp (M2OCEAN), University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfarghal","family":"Mohamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ear Nose Throat, King Abdul Aziz Medical City, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0912-7780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Van Rompaey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6004-8768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nils","family":"Guinand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3911-8826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ang\u00e9lica","family":"Perez Fornos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Cecile","family":"Gerards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vestibular Disorders, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"van de Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vestibular Disorders, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.08.009","article-title":"General vestibular testing","volume":"116","author":"Brandt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. 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