{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T13:47:31Z","timestamp":1792763251110,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]],"date-time":"2024-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Mandibular condyle fractures in pediatric patients can lead to crippling sequelae such as ankylosis, pain and facial deformity if not managed properly. However, there is no consensus on the best approach for treating these fractures in children. Objective: This study aimed to describe the management of mandibular condyle fractures in growing patients across 14 maxillofacial departments worldwide. Methods: A retrospective multicenter study was conducted on children and adolescents aged 0 to 16 who had at least one mandibular condyle fracture. This study included patients who underwent expectant, closed, or open management and were treated over an 11-year period. Results: 180 patients had at least one mandibular condyle fracture, and 37 had a second condylar fracture. One hundred sixteen patients (65%) were males, and 64 (35%) were females (ratio 1.8:1). An expectant strategy was chosen in 51 (28%) patients, a closed treatment\u2014stand-alone maxillomandibular fixation (MMF)\u2014in 47 (26%), and open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) was performed in 82 (46%) patients. The management varied significantly between the different departments (p &lt; 0.0001). Significant differences were also identified between the fracture type (non-displaced, displaced or comminuted) and the management of the 180 patients with a single condylar fracture. Out of 50 non-displaced fractures, only 3 (6%) had ORIF, 25 (50%) had expectant management, and 22 (44%) had MMF. Out of 129 displaced fractures, 79 (62%) had ORIF, 25 (19%) had a soft diet, and 25 (19%) had MMF. Conclusions: Expectative management, MMF, and ORIF were all effective in treating pediatric mandibular condyle fractures, with a low incidence of complications and asymmetry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13185455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T11:36:37Z","timestamp":1726486597000},"page":"5455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Management of Mandibular Condyle Fractures in Pediatric Patients: A Multicentric Retrospective Study with 180 Children and Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4765-6395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gian Battista","family":"Bottini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Center for Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of the Private Medical University Paracelsus, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7696-1479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Hitzl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Innovation Management, Biostatistics, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"G\u00f6tzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Center for Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of the Private Medical University Paracelsus, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantinus","family":"Politis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Lueven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1275-2771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathia","family":"Dubron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Lueven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7631-4286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Kordi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for ENT and OMS, University Clinical Hospital, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6170-8016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anamaria","family":"Sivri\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for ENT and OMS, University Clinical Hospital, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petia","family":"Pechalova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dental medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9605-5521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angel","family":"Sapundzhiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dental medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8736-7507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valfrido Antonio","family":"Pereira-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara 14801903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2115-1898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Fernando","family":"de Oliveira Gorla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara 14801903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emil","family":"Dediol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Dubrava, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7798-7566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris","family":"Kos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Dubrava, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9801-5216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tabishur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5137-1325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sajjad Abdur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3629-6814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahand","family":"Samieirad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Mashhad Dental School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91779-48564, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5665-5004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy","family":"Aladelusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200005, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vitomir S.","family":"Konstantinovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1468-5720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Lazi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ale\u0161","family":"Vesnaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Medical Centre, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2182-9251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"An\u017ee","family":"Birk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Medical Centre, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9456-981X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karpal Singh","family":"Sohal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam 65001, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4919-3563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean","family":"Laverick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HR, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0849-9956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Euan","family":"Rae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HR, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Beatrice","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Roccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2473-3802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Sobrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roccia, F., Sobrero, F., Strada, C., Bottini, G.B., Goetzinger, M., Samieirad, S., Vesnaver, A., Birk, A., Gorla, L.F.d.O., and Pereira-Filho, V.A. 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