{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T22:34:42Z","timestamp":1792276482481,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":254,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) encompass a wide spectrum of rare conditions characterized by diverse phenotypes associated with hundreds of genetic variations, often leading to progressive visual impairment and profound vision loss. Multiple natural history studies and clinical trials exploring gene therapy for various IRDs are ongoing. Outcomes for ophthalmic trials measure visual changes in three main categories\u2014structural, functional, and patient-focused outcomes. Since IRDs may range from congenital with poor central vision from birth to affecting the peripheral retina initially and progressing insidiously with visual acuity affected late in the disease course, typical outcome measures such as central visual acuity and ocular coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of the macula may not provide adequate representation of therapeutic outcomes including alterations in disease course. Thus, alternative unique outcome measures are necessary to assess loss of peripheral vision, color vision, night vision, and contrast sensitivity in IRDs. These differences have complicated the assessment of clinical outcomes for IRD therapies, and the clinical trials for IRDs have had to design novel specialized endpoints to demonstrate treatment efficacy. As genetic engineering and gene therapy techniques continue to advance with growing investment from industry and accelerated approval tracks for orphan conditions, the clinical trials must continue to improve their assessments to demonstrate safety and efficacy of new gene therapies that aim to come to market. Here, we will provide an overview of the current gene therapy approaches, review various endpoints for measuring visual function, highlight those that are utilized in recent gene therapy trials, and provide an overview of stage 2 and 3 IRD trials through the second quarter of 2024.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13185512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T09:49:19Z","timestamp":1726652959000},"page":"5512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Update on Clinical Trial Endpoints in Gene Therapy Trials for Inherited Retinal Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0106-7137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane M.","family":"Igoe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byron L.","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ninel Z.","family":"Gregori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center, Miami, FL 33125, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-021-02145-0","article-title":"Genetic testing and diagnosis of inherited retinal diseases","volume":"16","author":"Lam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orphanet J. 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