{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T20:50:42Z","timestamp":1792443042326,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]],"date-time":"2024-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in human health, and recent research has highlighted its potential impact on ocular health through the gut\u2013eye axis. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in the gut microbiota, has been implicated in various ocular diseases. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using relevant keywords in major electronic databases, prioritizing recent peer-reviewed articles published in English. Results: The gut microbiota influences ocular health through immune modulation, maintenance of the blood\u2013retinal barrier, and production of beneficial metabolites. Dysbiosis can disrupt these mechanisms, contributing to ocular inflammation, tissue damage, and disease progression in conditions such as uveitis, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, dry eye disease, and glaucoma. Therapeutic modulation of the gut microbiome through probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation shows promise in preclinical and preliminary human studies. Conclusions: The gut\u2013eye axis represents a dynamic and complex interplay between the gut microbiome and ocular health. Targeting the gut microbiome through innovative therapeutic strategies holds potential for improving the prevention and management of various ocular diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13185611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T08:56:06Z","timestamp":1727168166000},"page":"5611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["From Gut to Eye: Exploring the Role of Microbiome Imbalance in Ocular Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Andreea-Talida","family":"T\u00eerziu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Doctoral School, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Susan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Preventive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3531-3974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Razvan","family":"Susan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Preventive Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanasescu","family":"Sonia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Octavia Oana","family":"Harich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Sciences, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7185-6741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adelina","family":"Tudora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Doctoral School, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, Strada Liviu Rebreanu 86, 310419 Arad, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norberth-Istvan","family":"Varga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Doctoral School, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dragomir","family":"Tiberiu-Liviu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Semiology II Discipline, Internal Medicine Department, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia Roberta","family":"Avram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Residential Training and Post-University Courses, \u201cVasile Goldis\u201d Western University, 310414 Arad, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casiana","family":"Boru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldis\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 310414 Arad, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9526-2211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihnea","family":"Munteanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6133-0204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florin George","family":"Horhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance (MULTI-REZ), Microbiology Department, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kho, Z.Y., and Lal, S.K. (2018). The Human Gut Microbiome\u2014A Potential Controller of Wellness and Disease. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01835"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000465","article-title":"The role of the intestinal microbiome in ocular inflammatory disease","volume":"29","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00431","article-title":"Microbiome and Human Health: Current Understanding, Engineering, and Enabling Technologies","volume":"123","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1362_20","article-title":"A systematic review of gut microbiome and ocular inflammatory diseases: Are they associated?","volume":"69","author":"Shivaji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"St Leger, A.J., and Caspi, R.R. (2018). Visions of Eye Commensals: The Known and the Unknown About How the Microbiome Affects Eye Disease. Bioessays, 40.","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201800046"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.07.014","article-title":"Antimicrobial compounds in tears","volume":"117","author":"McDermott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rinninella, E., Raoul, P., Cintoni, M., Franceschi, F., Miggiano, G.A.D., Gasbarrini, A., and Mele, M.C. (2019). What is the Healthy Gut Microbiota Composition? A Changing Ecosystem across Age, Environment, Diet, and Diseases. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7010014"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1159\/000519457","article-title":"Gut Microbes and Eye Disease","volume":"65","author":"Donabedian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmic. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000953","article-title":"The Gut-Eye Axis: Correlation Between the Gut Microbiota and Autoimmune Dry Eye in Individuals with Sj\u00f6gren Syndrome","volume":"49","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"325","article-title":"Human Microbiota and Ophthalmic Disease","volume":"89","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000392","article-title":"Extraintestinal Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"21","author":"Vavricka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-017-1175-y","article-title":"Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3831972","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3831972","article-title":"Exercise Modifies the Gut Microbiota with Positive Health Effects","volume":"2017","author":"Monda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2019.01.011","article-title":"Stress, depression, diet, and the gut microbiota: Human-bacteria interactions at the core of psychoneuroimmunology and nutrition","volume":"28","author":"Madison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"20499361231154443","article-title":"Current understanding of antibiotic-associated dysbiosis and approaches for its management","volume":"10","author":"Kesavelu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"17","article-title":"Part 1: The Human Gut Microbiome in Health and Disease","volume":"13","author":"Bull","year":"2014","journal-title":"Integr. Med. (Encinitas)"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0332-7","article-title":"Interaction between microbiota and immunity in health and disease","volume":"30","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000139","article-title":"The gut microbiome in health and in disease","volume":"31","author":"Shreiner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.10.031","article-title":"Correlation between body mass index and faecal microbiota from children","volume":"22","author":"Ignacio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sokol, H., Landman, C., Seksik, P., Berard, L., Montil, M., Nion-Larmurier, I., Bourrier, A., Le Gall, G., Lalande, V., and De Rougemont, A. (2020). Fecal microbiota transplantation to maintain remission in Crohn\u2019s disease: A pilot randomized controlled study. Microbiome, 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-0792-5"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11450","article-title":"A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes","volume":"490","author":"Qin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murri, M., Leiva, I., Gomez-Zumaquero, J.M., Tinahones, F.J., Cardona, F., Soriguer, F., and Queipo-Ortu\u00f1o, M.I. (2013). Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: A case-control study. BMC Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-46"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309595","article-title":"Tumour-associated and non-tumour-associated microbiota in colorectal cancer","volume":"66","author":"Flemer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.007302-0","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the stomach microbiota in patients with gastric cancer and in controls","volume":"58","author":"Dicksved","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.309715","article-title":"Gut Microbiota in Cardiovascular Health and Disease","volume":"120","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2019.07.026","article-title":"Targeting gut microbiota dysbiosis: Potential intervention strategies for neurological disorders","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.05.008","article-title":"Altered microbiomes distinguish Alzheimer\u2019s disease from amnestic mild cognitive impairment and health in a Chinese cohort","volume":"80","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.44","article-title":"Gut microbiome remodeling induces depressive-like behaviors through a pathway mediated by the host\u2019s metabolism","volume":"21","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiang, M.C., and Chern, E. (2022). Ocular surface microbiota: Ophthalmic infectious disease and probiotics. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.952473"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5116","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19803","article-title":"Paucibacterial Microbiome and Resident DNA Virome of the Healthy Conjunctiva","volume":"57","author":"Doan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e3283303e1b","article-title":"The role of microbial flora on the ocular surface","volume":"9","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5616","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0588","article-title":"Ocular Pathogen or Commensal: A PCR-Based Study of Surface Bacterial Flora in Normal and Dry Eyes","volume":"48","author":"Graham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2024.101250","article-title":"How gut microbiota may impact ocular surface homeostasis and related disorders","volume":"100","author":"Labetoulle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, W., Li, J.J., Zou, Y., Zou, B., and Wei, L. (2021). Microbiota and Ocular Diseases. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.759333"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scuderi, G., Troiani, E., and Minnella, A.M. (2022). Gut Microbiome in Retina Health: The Crucial Role of the Gut-Retina Axis. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.726792"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.02.019","article-title":"Autoimmunity, Autoinflammation, and Infection in Uveitis","volume":"189","author":"Forrester","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bu, Y., Chan, Y.K., Wong, H.L., Poon, S.H., Lo, A.C., Shih, K.C., and Tong, L. (2021). A Review of the Impact of Alterations in Gut Microbiome on the Immunopathogenesis of Ocular Diseases. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10204694"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5065703","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5065703","article-title":"The Microbiota Determines Susceptibility to Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis","volume":"2016","author":"Heissigerova","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.21037\/aes.2017.03.02","article-title":"Gut microbiota linked to autoimmune uveitis","volume":"2","author":"Horai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Eye Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3747","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19733","article-title":"Gut Microbial Alterations Associated with Protection from Autoimmune Uveitis","volume":"57","author":"Nakamura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-018-0746-9","article-title":"Dysbiosis in the Gut Bacterial Microbiome of Patients with Uveitis, an Inflammatory Disease of the Eye","volume":"58","author":"Jayasudha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108520","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids inhibit endotoxin-induced uveitis and inflammatory responses of retinal astrocytes","volume":"206","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Fern\u00e1ndez, C.A., Iglesias, M.B., de Domingo, B., Conde-P\u00e9rez, K., Vallejo, J.A., Rodr\u00edguez-Mart\u00ednez, L., Gonz\u00e1lez-Barcia, M., Lloren\u00e7, V., Mondelo-Garcia, C., and Poza, M. (2022). Microbiome in Immune-Mediated Uveitis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23137020"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, Z., Zhang, N., Wu, C., Zhang, X., Wang, Q., Huang, X., Du, L., Cao, Q., Tang, J., and Zhou, C. (2018). A Metagenomic Study of the Gut Microbiome in Behcet\u2019s Disease. Microbiome, 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0520-6"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"74","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration","volume":"59","author":"Gheorghe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rom. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2021.02.009","article-title":"Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Epidemiology, Genetics, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Targeted Therapy","volume":"9","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genes Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00605-x","article-title":"The Gut Microbiome as a Modulator of Healthy Ageing","volume":"19","author":"Ghosh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"452","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Modify Risk for Dietary Glycemia-Induced Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"9","author":"Rowan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Cai, Y., Huang, Q., Tan, W., Li, B., Zhou, H., Wang, Z., Zou, J., Ding, C., and Jiang, B. (2021). Altered Fecal Microbiome and Metabolome in a Mouse Model of Choroidal Neovascularization. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.738796"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201606531","article-title":"Gut microbiota influences pathological angiogenesis in obesity-driven choroidal neovascularization","volume":"8","author":"Andriessen","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4472","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1702302114","article-title":"Involvement of a gut-retina axis in protection against dietary glycemia-induced age-related macular degeneration","volume":"114","author":"Rowan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Wang, T., Wan, Z., Bai, J., Xue, Y., Dai, R., Wang, M., and Peng, Q. (2023). Alterations of the intestinal microbiota in age-related macular degeneration. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1069325"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.5.11","article-title":"Metagenomic Sequencing Analysis Identifies Cross-Cohort Gut Microbial Signatures Associated with Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"64","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boccuni, I., and Fairless, R. (2022). Retinal Glutamate Neurotransmission: From Physiology to Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Retinal Ganglion Cell Degeneration. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12050638"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843","article-title":"Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition","volume":"157","author":"Saeedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, Q., Yan, S., Yang, Y., Chen, J., Li, T., Gao, X., Yan, H., Wang, Y., Wang, J., and Wang, S. (2021). A Metagenome-Wide Association Study of the Gut Microbiome and Metabolic Syndrome. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.682721"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, J., Fu, T., Liu, W., Du, Y., Min, C., and Lin, D. (2022). Specific Alterations of Gut Microbiota in Diabetic Microvascular Complications: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1053900"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, J., Wan, Z., Zhang, Y., Wang, T., Xue, Y., and Peng, Q. (2022). Composition and Diversity of Gut Microbiota in Diabetic Retinopathy. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.926926"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Z., Zheng, Z., Xiong, X., Chen, X., Peng, J., Yao, H., Pu, J., Chen, Q., and Zheng, M. (2021). Gut Microbiota Composition and Fecal Metabolic Profiling in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.732204"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2013.11.008","article-title":"Succinate: A Metabolic Signal in Inflammation","volume":"24","author":"Mills","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Yang, K., Li, C., Zhang, H., Yu, H., Chen, K., Yang, X., and Liu, L. (2022). Metagenomic Shotgun Sequencing and Metabolomic Profiling Identify Specific Human Gut Microbiota Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.943325"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2019.03.011","article-title":"The Role of Gut Microbiota in Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, and Effect of Metformin: New Insights into Old Diseases","volume":"49","author":"Pascale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e251","DOI":"10.1038\/nutd.2017.4","article-title":"A Systematic Review on the Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on the Ocular Surface","volume":"7","author":"Shih","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"358","article-title":"Ocular Surface Changes in Type II Diabetic Patients with Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2017.1406528","article-title":"Distribution and Diversity of Ocular Microbial Communities in Diabetic Patients Compared with Healthy Subjects","volume":"43","author":"Ham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"13","article-title":"Ocular Surface Microbiota in Diabetic Patients with Dry Eye Disease","volume":"62","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heidari, M., Noorizadeh, F., Wu, K., Inomata, T., and Mashaghi, A. (2019). Dry Eye Disease: Emerging Approaches to Disease Analysis and Therapy. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091439"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaefer, L., Trujillo-Vargas, C.M., Midani, F.S., Pflugfelder, S.C., Britton, R.A., and De Paiva, C.S. (2022). Gut Microbiota From Sj\u00f6gren Syndrome Patients Causes Decreased T Regulatory Cells in the Lymphoid Organs and Desiccation-Induced Corneal Barrier Disruption in Mice. Front. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.852918"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Paiva, C.S., Jones, D.B., Stern, M.E., Bian, F., Moore, Q.L., Corbiere, S., Streckfus, C.F., Hutchinson, D.S., Ajami, N.J., and Petrosino, J.F. (2016). Altered Mucosal Microbiome Diversity and Disease Severity in Sj\u00f6gren Syndrome. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23561"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S405225","article-title":"Anxiety Disorders and Gut Dysbiosis in Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome-Mediated Dry Eye Patients","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaefer, L., Hernandez, H., Coats, R.A., Yu, Z., Pflugfelder, S.C., Britton, R.A., and De Paiva, C.S. (2022). Gut-Derived Butyrate Suppresses Ocular Surface Inflammation. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08442-3"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchesi, N., Fahmideh, F., Boschi, F., Pascale, A., and Barbieri, A. (2021). Ocular Neurodegenerative Diseases: Interconnection between Retina and Cortical Areas. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092394"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2012.03.002","article-title":"Protecting the Retinal Neurons from Glaucoma: Lowering Ocular Pressure Is Not Enough","volume":"66","author":"Pascale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.235017","article-title":"Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy Treatment Options: The Promise of Novel Therapeutics, Techniques and Tools to Help Preserve Vision","volume":"13","author":"Sharif","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.06.003","article-title":"Risk Factors for Rapid Glaucoma Disease Progression","volume":"180","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05681-9","article-title":"Commensal Microflora-Induced T Cell Responses Mediate Progressive Neurodegeneration in Glaucoma","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12136","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome and risk of glaucoma: An analysis of two independent population-based cohort studies","volume":"9","author":"McPherson","year":"2021","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-021-02190-5","article-title":"The profile of gut microbiota and central carbon-related metabolites in primary angle-closure glaucoma patients","volume":"42","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000001025","article-title":"Butyrate, a Gut Bacterial Metabolite, Lowers Intraocular Pressure in Normotensive but Not in Hypertensive Rats","volume":"27","author":"Skrzypecki","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-020-01587-y","article-title":"Glaucoma Patients Have an Increased Level of Trimethylamine, a Toxic Product of Gut Bacteria, in the Aqueous Humor: A Pilot Study","volume":"41","author":"Skrzypecki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.9.32","article-title":"Topical Glaucoma Therapy Is Associated with Alterations of the Ocular Surface Microbiome","volume":"63","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arboleya, S., Watkins, C., Stanton, C., and Ross, R.P. (2016). Gut Bifidobacteria Populations in Human Health and Aging. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01204"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2017.08.004","article-title":"Intestinal Lactobacillus in Health and Disease, a Driver or Just along for the Ride?","volume":"49","author":"Heeney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devi, T.B., Devadas, K., George, M., Gandhimathi, A., Chouhan, D., Retnakumar, R.J., Alexander, S.M., Varghese, J., Dharmaseelan, S., and Chandrika, S.K. (2021). Low Bifidobacterium Abundance in the Lower Gut Microbiota Is Associated with Helicobacter pylori-Related Gastric Ulcer and Gastric Cancer. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.631140"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aghamohammad, S., Sepehr, A., Miri, S.T., Najafi, S., Rohani, M., and Pourshafiea, M.R. (2022). The effects of the probiotic cocktail on modulation of the NF-kB and JAK\/STAT signaling pathways involved in the inflammatory response in bowel disease model. BMC Immunol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-022-00484-6"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e32834baa4d","article-title":"Probiotics and Immune Health","volume":"27","author":"Yan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazziotta, C., Tognon, M., Martini, F., Torreggiani, E., and Rotondo, J.C. (2023). Probiotics Mechanism of Action on Immune Cells and Beneficial Effects on Human Health. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010184"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Wang, J., and Wu, C. (2022). Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Immune System by Probiotics, Pre-Biotics, and Post-Biotics. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.634897"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagpal, R., Wang, S., Ahmadi, S., Hayes, J., Gagliano, J., Subashchandrabose, S., Kitzman, D.W., Becton, T., Read, R., and Yadav, H. (2018). Human-origin probiotic cocktail increases short-chain fatty acid production via modulation of mice and human gut microbiome. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30114-4"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"688","article-title":"Probiotics in the Management of Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"6","author":"Fedorak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2020.0101","article-title":"Drops of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CRL 759 culture supernatant attenuates eyes inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide","volume":"12","author":"Gomez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Benef Microbes"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dusek, O., Fajstova, A., Klimova, A., Svozilkova, P., Hrncir, T., Kverka, M., Coufal, S., Slemin, J., Tlaskalova-Hogenova, H., and Forrester, J.V. (2020). Severity of Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis Is Reduced by Pretreatment with Live Probiotic Escherichia Coli Nissle 1917. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10010023"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e931321","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.931321","article-title":"Probiotic Supplementation Improved Acute Anterior Uveitis of 3-Year Duration: A Case Report","volume":"22","author":"Napolitano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2022.01.06","article-title":"Effectiveness of Oral Probiotics Supplementation in the Treatment of Adult Small Chalazion","volume":"15","author":"Filippelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-020-03880-5","article-title":"Intestinal Microbiome: A New Target for Chalaziosis Treatment in Children?","volume":"180","author":"Filippelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Choi, S., Kim, Y., Jeong, H., Ryu, J., Lee, H., Kim, T., Im, S.-H., Oh, J., and Kim, M. (2017). Clinical Effect of IRT-5 Probiotics on Immune Modulation of Autoimmunity or Alloimmunity in the Eye. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9111166"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO02984J","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium bifidum alleviate dry eye in mice with exorbital lacrimal gland excision by modulating gut inflammation and microbiota","volume":"12","author":"Yun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.122.322003","article-title":"Maintenance of Enteral ACE2 Prevents Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"132","author":"Prasad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.13.20","article-title":"Angiotensin-(1\u20137) Expressed from Lactobacillus Bacteria Protect Diabetic Retina in Mice","volume":"9","author":"Verma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.75","article-title":"Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics","volume":"14","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davani-Davari, D., Negahdaripour, M., Karimzadeh, I., Seifan, M., Mohkam, M., Masoumi, S., Berenjian, A., and Ghasemi, Y. (2019). Prebiotics: Definition, Types, Sources, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications. Foods, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8030092"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.074971","article-title":"Clinical, Microbiological, and Immunological Effects of Fructo-Oligosaccharide in Patients with Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"55","author":"Lindsay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-008-0748-1","article-title":"Inulin-Enriched Pasta Affects Lipid Profile and Lp(a) Concentrations in Italian Young Healthy Male Volunteers","volume":"47","author":"Russo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2006.098251","article-title":"A mixture of prebiotic oligosaccharides reduces the incidence of atopic dermatitis during the first six months of age","volume":"91","author":"Moro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varesi, A., Pierella, E., Romeo, M., Piccini, G.B., Alfano, C., Bj\u00f8rklund, G., Oppong, A., Ricevuti, G., Esposito, C., and Chirumbolo, S. (2022). The Potential Role of Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: From Diagnosis to Treatment. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030668"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"55431","article-title":"Phosphorylcholine-Based Contact Lenses for Sustained Release of Resveratrol: Design, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Performances, and In Vivo Behavior. ACS Appl. Mater","volume":"14","author":"Carracedo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, G., Su, L., Zhang, N., Han, R., Leong, W.K., Li, X., Ren, X., and Hsiao, W.L.W. (2022). The prebiotic and anti-fatigue effects of hyaluronan. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.977556"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2021.0029","article-title":"Aquaporin5-Targeted Treatment for Dry Eye Through Bioactive Compounds and Gut Microbiota","volume":"37","author":"Rastmanesh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.912023","article-title":"Synbiotic Supplementation May Relieve Anterior Uveitis, an Ocular Manifestation in Behcet\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Askari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tavakoli, A., Markoulli, M., Papas, E., and Flanagan, J. (2022). The Impact of Probiotics and Prebiotics on Dry Eye Disease Signs and Symptoms. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11164889"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.4274\/tjo.galenos.2022.70375","article-title":"An Association Between the Intestinal Permeability Biomarker Zonulin and the Development of Diabetic Retinopathy in Type II Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"53","author":"Erdem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Turk J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"30","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation: Donor relation, fresh or frozen, delivery methods, cost-effectiveness","volume":"32","author":"Ramai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.6466","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation","volume":"318","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varesi, A., Campagnoli, L.I.M., Fahmideh, F., Pierella, E., Romeo, M., Ricevuti, G., Nicoletta, M., Chirumbolo, S., and Pascale, A. (2022). The Interplay between Gut Microbiota and Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Implications on Diagnosis and Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012289"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, Y., Lu, H., Reinach, P.S., Zheng, Q., Li, J., Tan, Q., Zhu, H., and Chen, W. (2017). Hyperosmolarity-Induced AQP5 Upregulation Promotes Inflammation and Cell Death via JNK1\/2 Activation in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05145-y"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.4","article-title":"Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Clostridium difficile infections","volume":"108","author":"Surawicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hui, W., Li, T., Liu, W., Zhou, C., and Gao, F. (2019). Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Treatment of Recurrent C. Difficile Infection: An Updated Randomized Controlled Trial Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210016"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i22.2921","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: An Intervention for the 21st Century","volume":"27","author":"Patcharatrakul","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1803103","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Primary Clostridium difficile Infection","volume":"378","author":"Juul","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15598","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Therapy in Crohn\u2019s Disease: Systematic Review","volume":"36","author":"Fehily","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varesi, A., Deumer, U.-S., Ananth, S., and Ricevuti, G. (2021). The Emerging Role of Gut Microbiota in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis\/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME\/CFS): Current Evidence and Potential Therapeutic Applications. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10215077"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104856","article-title":"Targeting the Microbiota in Pharmacology of Psychiatric Disorders","volume":"157","author":"Pascale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-0973-1","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation restores dysbiosis in patients with methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus enterocolitis","volume":"15","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Z., Ning, J., Bao, X.Q., Shang, M., Ma, J., Li, G., and Zhang, D. (2021). Fecal microbiota transplantation protects rotenone-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease mice via suppressing inflammation mediated by the lipopolysaccharide-TLR4 signaling pathway through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Microbiome, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01107-9"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.06.004","article-title":"Protective Role of Commensal Bacteria in Sj\u00f6gren Syndrome","volume":"93","author":"Zaheer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Zaheer, M., Bian, F., Quach, D., Swennes, A., Britton, R., Pflugfelder, S., and De Paiva, C. (2018). Sj\u00f6gren-Like Lacrimal Keratoconjunctivitis in Germ-Free Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020565"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parker, A., Romano, S., Ansorge, R., Aboelnour, A., Le Gall, G., Savva, G.M., Pontifex, M.G., Telatin, A., Baker, D., and Jones, E. (2022). Fecal Microbiota Transfer between Young and Aged Mice Reverses Hallmarks of the Aging Gut, Eye, and Brain. Microbiome, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01243-w"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.06.022","article-title":"Fecal Microbial Transplant in Individuals with Immune-Mediated Dry Eye","volume":"233","author":"Watane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-26426","article-title":"Implicating Dysbiosis of the Gut Fungal Microbiome in Uveitis, an Inflammatory Disease of the Eye","volume":"60","author":"Jayasudha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/18\/5611\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:01:53Z","timestamp":1760112113000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/18\/5611"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]},"references-count":129,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13185611"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13185611","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]}}}