{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T03:00:56Z","timestamp":1777086056181,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Lodz, Poland","award":["503\/1-002-01\/503-11-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/1-002-01\/503-11-001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this paper is to raise awareness of MC as a clinically significant condition and to highlight its under-recognition, risk factors, diagnosis, management, and complications. This paper underlines the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges associated with the often nonspecific symptoms of MC. In order to create this article, we reviewed available articles found in the PubMed database and searched for articles using the Google Scholar platform. Microscopic colitis (MC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, classified into three types: lymphocytic, collagenous, and unspecified. The average age of onset of MC is around 62\u201365 years and the disease is more common in women than men (nine times more common). The main symptom of MC is watery diarrhoea without blood, other symptoms include defecatory urgency, faecal incontinence, abdominal pain, nocturnal bowel movements, and weight loss. Once considered a rare disease, MC is now being diagnosed with increasing frequency, but diagnosis remains difficult. To date, a number of causative factors for MC have been identified, including smoking, alcohol consumption, medications (including NSAIDs, PPIs, SSRIs, and ICPIs), genetic factors, autoimmune diseases, bile acid malabsorption, obesity, appendicitis, and intestinal dysbiosis. It may be difficult to recognize and should be differentiated from inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), coeliac disease, infectious bowel disease, and others. Diagnosis involves biopsy at colonoscopy and histopathological evaluation of the samples. Treatment consists of budesonide oral (the gold standard) or enema. Alternatives include bile acid sequestrants (cholestyramine, colesevelam, and colestipol), biologics (infliximab, adalimumab, and vedolizumab), thiopurines, methotrexate, and rarely, surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13195683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T10:41:47Z","timestamp":1727174507000},"page":"5683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Microscopic Colitis: An Underestimated Disease of Growing Importance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0667-6685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Rutkowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digestive Tract Disease, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8577-4100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina","family":"Udrycka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digestive Tract Disease, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0742-2305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"W\u0142odarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digestive Tract Disease, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1825-1807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Ma\u0142ecka-Wojciesko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digestive Tract Disease, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1136\/flgastro-2018-101040","article-title":"Microscopic colitis: Diagnosis and management","volume":"10","author":"Townsend","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontline Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e79397","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.79397","article-title":"Microscopic colitis: Etiopathology, diagnosis, and rational management","volume":"11","author":"Nielsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.55519\/JAMC-03-11935","article-title":"Frequency And Risk Factors Of Microscopic Colitis As A Cause Of Chronic Watery Diarrhoea","volume":"35","author":"Shaikh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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