{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:50:51Z","timestamp":1787028651990,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Data regarding the outcomes of liver transplantation in disabled, highly dependent, and legally incapacitated adults are scarce, likely due to the infrequency of these procedures in such populations. Multicenter studies in adult transplant centers have shown that patients with coexisting intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) may be denied transplantation because of their expected low longevity and the complexities associated with managing post-transplant care. We examined the long-term patient and graft outcomes in highly dependent, incapacitated patients with IDDs who underwent elective transplantation for chronic liver disease. Methods: Six adult patients who underwent liver transplantation for primary biliary cholangitis (n = 2), hepatitis C cirrhosis (n = 2), Wilson\u2019s disease (n = 1), and autoimmune hepatitis (n = 1) were included. The main causes of their disability were infantile cerebral palsy, myotonia, and Niemann\u2013Pick disease. Results: Four of the six patients were women, with a median age of 26 (range: 23\u201336) years. Only one patient died during follow-up. Their 1- and 5-year survival rates were 100 and 75%, respectively, which were not statistically different from those of the general cohort of electively transplanted patients (95.8 and 90.1%, respectively) (p = 0.35). Conclusions: Adult patients who are highly dependent, disabled, or legally incapable should not be denied liver transplantation because of poor long-term survival rates. Physiological disorders and psychiatric comorbidities should not prevent patients from receiving life-saving surgeries due to poor postoperative compliance or low quality of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13195702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T17:12:04Z","timestamp":1727284324000},"page":"5702","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Outcomes of Liver Transplantation in Highly Dependent Incapacitated Patients with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Michal","family":"Skalski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Public Central Teaching Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, 1A Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oskar","family":"Kornasiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Public Central Teaching Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, 1A Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Raszeja-Wyszomirska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Public Central Teaching Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, 1A Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Konieczka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Public Central Teaching Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, 1A Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Mlynarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Public Central Teaching Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, 1A Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Grat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Public Central Teaching Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, 1A Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001071","article-title":"Prevalence and Outcomes of Liver Transplantation in Children with Intellectual Disability","volume":"62","author":"Wightman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2021.06.029","article-title":"The Continuing Need to Combat Disability Discrimination in Organ Transplantation","volume":"171","author":"Stahl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"100054","article-title":"Case Report: Liver Transplantation in a Highly Dependent Down Syndrome Patient","volume":"5","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transplant. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13837","DOI":"10.1111\/petr.13837","article-title":"Genetic Disease and Intellectual Disability as Contraindications to Transplant Listing in the United States: A Survey of Heart, Kidney, Liver, and Lung Transplant Programs","volume":"24","author":"Wall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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Transplant."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2005.11.015","article-title":"Kidney Transplantation in Pediatric Recipients with Mental Retardation: Clinical Results of a Multicenter Experience in Japan","volume":"47","author":"Ohta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/19\/5702\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:02:38Z","timestamp":1760112158000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/19\/5702"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13195702"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13195702","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]}}}