{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:02:11Z","timestamp":1790139731342,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Subthreshold lasers operate below the threshold of visible tissue damage, thereby preventing ophthalmoscopically visible thermal damage to the chorio-retinal layers. They could represent a safe and effective alternative and\/or adjunctive procedure to conventional lasers in treating diabetic macula edema (DME), central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR), and branch retina vein occlusion (BRVO). This review focuses on the use of subthreshold micropulse laser (SMPL), its settings, and clinical applications. Despite their widespread use, a standardized protocol for sub-threshold laser settings has not been established yet, and thus, there is uncertainty in selecting effective and safe parameters for any specific situation. We conducted a comprehensive overview of the existing indications for subthreshold laser therapy and their settings for different retinal diseases. The debate revolves around which parameters could guarantee the safety of the procedure for each case, depending on the duty cycle, the laser wavelength, the spot duration, and the power, with laser power titration on one side or choosing a fixed lowered power value on the other side. SMPL therapy for DME, CSCR, and BRVO-associated macular edema has shown significant effectiveness in reducing the macular thickness, facilitating subretinal fluid absorptions, increasing the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and reducing the number of intravitreal injections (IVI) required annually. We presented a broad list of the laser parameters reported in the literature, organized into different tables divided based on the specific pathology, with the aim of providing a useful tool for future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13195729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T08:20:52Z","timestamp":1727338852000},"page":"5729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Settings and Clinical Applications of Subthreshold Micropulse Laser Therapy: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tania","family":"Sorrentino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2060Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi, Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Allegrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Center, Humanitas Gavazzeni-Castelli, 24128 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"De Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2060Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi, Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7463-2479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Santoru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2060Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi, Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9800-6513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Crepaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2060Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi, Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2999-6782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Feo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2060Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi, Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1734-2325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Zanellati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Marconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Camillo Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinando","family":"Auricchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario R.","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2060Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi, Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Eye Center, Humanitas Gavazzeni-Castelli, 24128 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210801800613","article-title":"Nonvisible subthreshold micropulse diode laser (810 nm) treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy: A pilot study","volume":"18","author":"Lanzetta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. 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