{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T23:40:59Z","timestamp":1783035659959,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Rotary Ni-Ti files are susceptible to sudden intra-canal separation due to cyclic fatigue stress, particularly in curved canals. To increase resistance to cyclic fatigue, new heat-treated files have been introduced. This study aimed to compare the performance of four heat-treated Ni-Ti files in two simulated curved root canals by evaluating the effect of the alloy, rotation speed, and diameter of the files on their resistance to cyclic fatigue. Methods: The Ni-Ti files included in the study were the ProTaper Gold\u00ae (Dentsply Sirona) F2, ProTaper Ultimate\u00ae (Dentsply Sirona) F2, FQ\u00ae (Komet) 25.06, and Blueshaper\u00ae (Zarc4Endo) Z4 25.06. Two groups of 30 files were selected for each system and were tested in two simulated canals milled in a specific metal template. One group was tested in a 60\u00b0 curved canal and the other in a 90\u00b0 curved canal. Results: In the 60\u00b0 simulated canal, there were no instrument fractures within the 15 min time limit. In the 90\u00b0 simulated canal, the Blueshaper Z4 demonstrated a lower resistance to cyclic fatigue, while FQ 25.06 showed statistically higher fatigue resistance based on both the Kruskal\u2013Wallis and Games\u2013Howell tests (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: No differences were found between files when tested in a 60\u00b0 curved canal for up to 15 min. However, in a 90\u00b0 canal, the FQ\u00ae files showed significantly higher resistance to cyclic fatigue, especially compared to the Blueshaper\u00ae Z4. The ProTaper Ultimate and ProTaper Gold produced intermediate results, with the ProTaper Ultimate F2 slightly outperforming the ProTaper Gold F2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13195739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T09:46:20Z","timestamp":1727343980000},"page":"5739","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of Four Heat-Treated Nickel-Titanium Files in Severely Curved Simulated Canals: An In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Katia","family":"Greco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital and Dental School, Vita Salute University, 20158 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8967-6132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaetano","family":"Paolone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital and Dental School, Vita Salute University, 20158 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Cicero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital and Dental School, Vita Salute University, 20158 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9461-469X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Tet\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital and Dental School, Vita Salute University, 20158 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Cantile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital and Dental School, Vita Salute University, 20158 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Sberna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital and Dental School, Vita Salute University, 20158 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Saladino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital and Dental School, Vita Salute University, 20158 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico Felice","family":"Gherlone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital and Dental School, Vita Salute University, 20158 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Cantatore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital and Dental School, Vita Salute University, 20158 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.25122\/jml-2020-0137","article-title":"Etiology and Prevention of an Endodontic Iatrogenic Event: Instrument Fracture","volume":"13","author":"Amza","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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