{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T19:49:05Z","timestamp":1791575345537,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Werner Siemens Foundation"},{"name":"TU Dresden"},{"name":"Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine"},{"name":"SLUB Dresden"},{"name":"Open Access Publication Funding of the DFG"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: With the rise of new 3D printers, assessing accuracy is crucial for obtaining the best results in patient care. Previous studies have shown that the highest accuracy is achieved with SLS printing technology; however, SLA printing technology has made significant improvements in recent years. Methods: In this study, a realistic anatomical model of a mandible and skull, a cutting guide for mandibular osteotomy, and a splint for orthognathic surgery were replicated five times each using two different 3D printing technologies: SLA and SLS. Results: The SLA group had a median trueness RMS value of 0.148 mm and a precision RMS value of 0.117 mm. The SLS group had a median trueness RMS value of 0.144 mm and a precision RMS value of 0.096 mm. There was no statistically significant difference in RMS values between SLS and SLA technologies regarding trueness. Regarding precision, however, the RMS values for SLS technology were significantly lower in the splint and cutting guide applications than those printed with SLA technology. Conclusions: Both 3D printing technologies produce modern models and applications with equally high dimensional accuracy. Considering current cost pressures experienced by hospitals, the lower-cost SLA 3D printer is a reliable choice for point-of-care 3D printing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13195848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T07:19:37Z","timestamp":1727680777000},"page":"5848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Dimensional Accuracy in 3D Printed Medical Models: A Follow-Up Study on SLA and SLS Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0885-1195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bilal","family":"Msallem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UniversityCenter for Orthopedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, DE-01307 Dresden, Germany"},{"name":"Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel J.","family":"Vavrina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"Clinic of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Beyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"Clinic of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2755-9501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian S.","family":"Halbeisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcnter","family":"Lauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, DE-01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4633-2695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Dragu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UniversityCenter for Orthopedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, DE-01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3035-9308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian M.","family":"Thieringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"Clinic of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2020.11.030","article-title":"3D printing restorative materials using a stereolithographic technique: A systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Cantelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.01.394","article-title":"Scope of 3D printing in manufacturing industries\u2014A review","volume":"45","author":"Sandeep","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2021). Additive Manufacturing\u2014General Principles\u2014Fundamentals and Vocabulary (Standard No. ISO\/ASTM 52900:2021)."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tappa, K., and Jammalamadaka, U. (2018). Novel biomaterials used in medical 3D printing Techniques. J. Funct. Biomater., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb9010017"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5340616","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5340616","article-title":"The role of 3D printing in medical applications: A state of the art","volume":"2019","author":"Aimar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coche.2020.05.007","article-title":"A review on 3D printing techniques for medical applications","volume":"28","author":"Nadagouda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.11.059","article-title":"A comprehensive review of emerging additive manufacturing (3D printing technology): Methods, materials, applications, challenges, trends and future potential","volume":"52","author":"Praveena","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stlm.2022.100059","article-title":"Medical 3D printing with a focus on point-of-care in cranio- and maxillofacial surgery: A systematic review of literature","volume":"6","author":"Murtezani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. 3D Print. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Msallem, B., Sharma, N., Cao, S., Halbeisen, F.S., Zeilhofer, H.F., and Thieringer, F.M. (2020). Evaluation of the dimensional accuracy of 3D-printed anatomical mandibular models using FFF, SLA, SLS, MJ, and BJ printing technology. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030817"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kafle, A., Luis, E., Silwal, R., Pan, H.M., Shrestha, P.L., and Bastola, A.K. (2021). 3D\/4D Printing of polymers: Fused deposition modelling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), and stereolithography (SLA). Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13183101"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s40472-016-0088-7","article-title":"Use of 3D printing for medical education models in transplantation medicine: A critical review","volume":"3","author":"Wayne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Transplant. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2017.06.033","article-title":"Systematic review of the use of 3-dimensional printing in surgical teaching and assessment","volume":"75","author":"Langridge","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Surg. Educ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v11.i1.57","article-title":"Use of three-dimensional printing in preoperative planning in orthopaedic trauma surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Morgan","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjtee.2015.09.009","article-title":"Clinical application of three-dimensional printing in the personalized treatment of complex spinal disorders","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1089\/lap.2016.0421","article-title":"Usefulness of three-dimensional modeling in surgical planning, resident training, and patient education","volume":"27","author":"Andolfi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Laparoendosc. Adv. Surg. Tech. A."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1345","article-title":"\u2018Let\u2019s get physical\u2019: Advantages of a physical model over 3D computer models and textbooks in learning imaging anatomy","volume":"6","author":"Preece","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anat. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcct.2018.09.007","article-title":"Pre-procedural fit-testing of TAVR valves using parametric modeling and 3D printing","volume":"13","author":"Hosny","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Comput. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2018.07.013","article-title":"Computed tomography-based 3D printed patient specific blocks for total knee replacement","volume":"9","author":"Vaishya","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthop. Trauma."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/msj.20127","article-title":"The utility of simulation in medical education: What is the evidence?","volume":"76","author":"Okuda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mt Sinai J. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2021.02.028","article-title":"Effect of additive manufacturing process and storage condition on the dimensional accuracy and stability of 3D-printed dental casts","volume":"128","author":"Yousef","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osta\u0219, D., Alm\u0103\u0219an, O., Ile\u0219an, R.R., Andrei, V., Thieringer, F.M., Hede\u0219iu, M., and Rotar, H. (2022). Point-of-care virtual surgical planning and 3D printing in oral and cranio-maxillofacial surgery: A narrative review. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11226625"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Babel, N., and Dornaus, G. (2022). Untersuchung der Prozessf\u00e4higkeit des SLS-3D-Druckers Fuse 1 von Formlabs, Hochschule f\u00fcr Angewandte Wissenschaften Landshut."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"288","article-title":"Dimensional Accuracy of Parts Obtained by SLS Technology (Dimenziona Ta\u010dnost Delova Dobijenih SLS Tehnologijom)","volume":"22","author":"Travica","year":"2022","journal-title":"Struct. Integr. Life"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2015.12.017","article-title":"Advantages and disadvantages of 3-dimensional printing in surgery: A systematic review","volume":"159","author":"Martelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2015.02.012","article-title":"Creation of a 3D-printed temporal bone model from clinical CT data","volume":"36","author":"Cohen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e392","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002524","article-title":"Replicating skull base anatomy with 3D technologies: A comparative study using 3D-scanned and 3D-printed models of the temporal bone","volume":"41","author":"Chae","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1243\/09544054JEM724","article-title":"A benchmark study on rapid prototyping processes and machines: Quantitative comparisons of mechanical properties, accuracy, roughness, speed, and material cost","volume":"222","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1108\/13552540310502185","article-title":"Slicing procedures in layered manufacturing: A review","volume":"9","author":"Mohan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2018.09.011","article-title":"Objects build orientation, positioning, and curing influence dimensional accuracy and flexural properties of stereolithographically printed resin","volume":"34","author":"Unkovskiy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2019.05.034","article-title":"Printing accuracy, mechanical properties, surface characteristics, and microbial adhesion of 3D-printed resins with various printing orientations","volume":"124","author":"Shim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104435","article-title":"Effect of build orientation and layer thickness on manufacturing accuracy, printing time, and material consumption of 3D-printed complete denture bases","volume":"130","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, S.H., Lim, J.H., Kang, Y.J., Kim, J.H., Shim, J.S., and Kim, J.E. (2020). Evaluation of the 3D printing accuracy of a dental model according to its internal structure and cross-arch plate design: An in vitro study. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13235433"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussein, M.O., and Hussein, L.A. (2022). Optimization of digital light processing three-dimensional printing of the removable partial denture frameworks: The role of build angle and support structure diameter. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15062316"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2017160165","article-title":"Measuring and establishing the accuracy and reproducibility of 3D-printed medical models","volume":"37","author":"George","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2013.10.001","article-title":"Inaccuracies in additive manufactured medical skull models caused by the DICOM to STL conversion process","volume":"42","author":"Huotilainen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1108\/13552541011011695","article-title":"Error analysis of FDM fabricated medical replicas","volume":"16","author":"Masood","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp. J."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(1998). Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) of Measurement Methods and Results\u2014Part 1: General Principles and Definitions\u2014Technical Corrigendum 1 (Standard No. ISO 5725\u20131:1994\/Cor 1:1998)."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2019.03.962","article-title":"Can an entry-level 3D printer create high-quality anatomical models? Accuracy assessment of mandibular models printed by a desktop 3D printer and a professional device","volume":"49","author":"Hatz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-022-00614-x","article-title":"Medical 3D printing dimensional accuracy for multi-pathological anatomical models 3D-printed using material extrusion","volume":"35","author":"Ravi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Digit. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeager, B.J. (2022). Accuracy Analysis with Surgical Guides When Different 3D Printing Technologies Are Used. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Ohio State University].","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2022.11.018"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1308\/003588413X13629960046994","article-title":"A critical inventory of preoperative skull replicas","volume":"95","author":"Fasel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"02014","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/201713702014","article-title":"Comparison of the accuracy of 3D-printed prototypes using the stereolithography (SLA) method with the digital CAD models","volume":"137","author":"Yankov","year":"2017","journal-title":"MATEC Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Msallem, B., Maintz, M., Halbeisen, F.S., Meyer, S., Sigron, G.R., Sharma, N., Cao, S., and Thieringer, F.M. (2022). Biomechanical evaluation of patient-specific polymethylmethacrylate cranial implants for virtual surgical planning: An in-vitro study. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15051970"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1582","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000001582","article-title":"Craniofacial reconstruction by a cost-efficient template-based process using 3D printing","volume":"5","author":"Msallem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13330","article-title":"The effect of build orientation on the dimensional accuracy of 3D-printed mandibular complete dentures manufactured with a multijet 3D printer","volume":"30","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grymak, A., Badarneh, A., Ma, S., and Choi, J.J.E. (2023). Effect of various printing parameters on the accuracy (trueness and precision) of 3D-printed partial denture framework. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 140.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2023.105688"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.752.119","article-title":"Three-dimensional accuracy evaluation of two additive manufacturing processes in the production of dental models","volume":"752","author":"Burde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12954","article-title":"Prosthesis accuracy of fit on 3D-printed casts versus stonecasts: A comparative study in the anterior maxilla","volume":"34","author":"Abdeen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Esthet. Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grassia, V., Ronsivalle, V., Isola, G., Nucci, L., Leonardi, R., and Giudice, A.L.A. (2023). Accuracy (trueness and precision) of 3D-printed orthodontic models finalized to clear aligners production, testing crowded and spaced dentition. BMC Oral Health, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03025-8"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Unkovskiy, A., Schmidt, F., Beuer, F., Li, P., Spintzyk, S., and Kraemer, F.P. (2021). Stereolithography vs. direct light processing for rapid manufacturing of complete denture bases: An in vitro accuracy analysis. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10051070"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wegm\u00fcller, L., Halbeisen, F., Sharma, N., K\u00fchl, S., and Thieringer, F.M. (2021). Consumer vs. high-end 3D printers for guided implant surgery: An in vitro accuracy assessment study of different 3D printing technologies. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10214894"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/19\/5848\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:07:35Z","timestamp":1760112455000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/19\/5848"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13195848"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13195848","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]}}}