{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T12:48:22Z","timestamp":1789130902152,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Intense exercise leads to neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation, which triggers cell disintegration. NET, as well as other processes of apoptosis, necrosis, and spontaneous secretion, result in increased levels of cell-free DNA (cf-DNA) in the circulation. An increment of cf-DNA is also observed in autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Repeated exhaustive exercises are an impulse for physiological adaptation; therefore, in this case\u2013control study, we compared the exercise-induced increase in cf-DNA in men with T1DM and healthy controls to determine the development of the tolerance to exercise. Methods: Volunteers performed a treadmill run to exhaustion at a speed matching 70% of their personal VO2 max at three consecutive visits, separated by a 72 h resting period. Blood was collected before and after exercise for the determination of plasma cell-free nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (cf n-DNA, cf mt-DNA) by real-time PCR, blood cell count and metabolic markers. Results: Each bout of exhaustive exercise induced a great elevation of cf n-DNA levels. An increase in cf mt-DNA was observed after each run. However, the significance of the increase was noted only after the second bout in T1DM participants (p &lt; 0.02). Changes in cf-DNA concentration were transient and returned to baseline values during 72 h of resting. The exercise-induced increment in circulating cf n-DNA and cf mt-DNA was not significantly different between the studied groups (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: Cf-DNA appears to be a sensitive marker of inflammation, with a lower post-exercise increase in individuals with T1DM than in healthy men.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13195859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T03:57:52Z","timestamp":1727755072000},"page":"5859","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Response of Circulating Free Cellular DNA to Repeated Exercise in Men with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Konrad","family":"Walczak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrodiabetology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8779-3907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Grzybowska-Adamowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4164-4817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Stawski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3885-8497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Brzezi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8781-4469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Zmys\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3445-6930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-017-0978-x","article-title":"Why should people with type 1 diabetes exercise regularly?","volume":"54","author":"Codella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00086.2020","article-title":"Cell-free DNA and RNA-measurement and applications in clinical diagnostics with focus on metabolic disorders","volume":"53","author":"Drag","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. 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