{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:14:11Z","timestamp":1790615651318,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP20K19145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20K19145"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objective: It is not uncommon for elderly patients to experience difficulties with feeding and swallowing. In the simple suspension method, tablets are dissolved and suspended in warm water without prior crushing or decapsulation, and then administered via a tube. Despite the prevalence of this method, the pharmacokinetics of suspended tablet dosage forms remain poorly understood. Methods: Verapamil was employed in dissolution tests following both the simple suspension and crushing methods. A pharmacokinetics study was conducted on healthy adult males. Results: The resultant dissolution profiles from the two methods exhibited notable dissimilarities. Drug release from the crushed product commenced earlier than that from the simple suspension and intact tablet. Furthermore, the area under the curve for verapamil during the initial 24 h period was 1.7 and 1.3 times greater in the crushed and simple suspension groups, respectively, than in the tablet group. Conclusions: The crushing and simple suspension methods are safe techniques for administering medications to patients with dysphagia, thereby preventing aspiration. Nevertheless, the processing of medications may result in an increased frequency of adverse effects. It is recommended that the processing of medicines prior to administration be avoided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13195969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T04:29:26Z","timestamp":1728361766000},"page":"5969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Verapamil Pharmacokinetics: Evaluating the Impact of Simple Suspension and Crushing Administration Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2322-0531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumito","family":"Kumagai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6730-7873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takehiko","family":"Sambe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"},{"name":"Showa University Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3935-8742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keita","family":"Shibata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan"},{"name":"Pharmacological Research Center, Showa University, Tokyo 157-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Mizukami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"},{"name":"Showa University Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4700-4837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hokuto","family":"Morohoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Showa University Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Hygiene, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo 157-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9800-9198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kakei","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"},{"name":"Showa University Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taigi","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Showa University Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research and Development, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachiko","family":"Takenoshita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"},{"name":"Showa University Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6280-8637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shunsuke","family":"Matsukawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saki","family":"Goibuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Uchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"},{"name":"Showa University Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6591-0115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naomi","family":"Kurata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7481-597X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noriko","family":"Hida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research and Development, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, March 07). 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