{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T17:40:47Z","timestamp":1789926047825,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005972","name":"Deutsche Krebshilfe (German Cancer Aid)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["70113414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["70113414"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005972","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Integrating the cytotoxic drug busulfan into a high-dose chemotherapy regimen prior to autologous hematopoietic stem cell rescue in patients with high-risk neuroblastoma has improved the survival of children battling this deadly disease. Busulfan-induced toxicities can, however, be severe. Here, we describe the diagnosis and successful treatment of acute pulmonary injury by total-body-weight-adjusted busulfan therapy in two children with high-risk neuroblastoma. Case series: Patient 1 developed life-threatening biphasic acute respiratory failure on days +60 and +100 after busulfan therapy, requiring intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation. Despite intensive anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory therapy, including systemic corticosteroids, topical inhalation regimens, azithromycin, nintedanib and extracorporal photopheresis, patient 1 required extended intensive care measures and non-invasive respiratory support for a total of 20 months. High-resolution computed tomography showed diffuse intra-alveolar and interstitial patterns. Patient 2 developed partial respiratory failure with insufficient oxygen saturation and dyspnea on day +52 after busulfan therapy. Symptoms were resolved after 6 months of systemic corticosteroids, topical inhalation regimens and azithromycin. High-resolution computed tomography showed atypical pneumonic changes with ground-glass opacities. While both patients fully recovered without evidence of pulmonary fibrosis, cancer therapy had to be paused and then modified until full recovery from busulfan-induced lung injury. Conclusions: Busulfan-induced lung injury requires prompt diagnosis and intervention. Symptoms and signs are nonspecific and difficult to differentiate from other causes. Therapeutic busulfan drug level monitoring and the identification of patients at risk for drug overdosing through promoter polymorphisms in the glutathione S-transferase alpha 1 gene encoding the main enzyme in busulfan metabolism are expected to reduce the risk of busulfan-induced toxicities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13195995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T12:01:54Z","timestamp":1728388914000},"page":"5995","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Management of Busulfan-Induced Lung Injury in Pediatric Patients with High-Risk Neuroblastoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7660-5354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sveva","family":"Castelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Thorwarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"van Schewick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8984-6111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anke","family":"Wendt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7872-1997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathy","family":"Astrahantseff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4797-4526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annabell","family":"Szymansky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4434-529X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Lodrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3585-5442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Veldhoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Radiology, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5879-2918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Gratopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4057-2199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus A.","family":"Mall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Lung Research (DLZ), Associated Partner Site Berlin, 89337 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), Partner Site Berlin, 89337 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3476-8184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelika","family":"Eggert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Stra\u00dfe 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6115-4893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hedwig E.","family":"Deubzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Stra\u00dfe 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC) of Charit\u00e9 and Max-Delbr\u00fcck-Center of Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Max-Delbr\u00fcck Center of Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-R\u00f6ssle-Stra\u00dfe 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1701737","article-title":"Prognostic factors in metastatic neuroblastoma in patients over 1 year of age treated with high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation: A multivariate analysis in 218 patients treated in a single institution","volume":"23","author":"Hartmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2016.75","article-title":"Busulfan-melphalan in high-risk neuroblastoma: The 30-year experience of a single institution","volume":"51","author":"Pasqualini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtct.2021.03.006","article-title":"Myeloablative Busulfan\/Melphalan Consolidation following Induction Chemotherapy for Patients with Newly Diagnosed High-Risk Neuroblastoma: Children\u2019s Oncology Group Trial ANBL12P1","volume":"27","author":"Granger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transplant. Cell. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30070-0","article-title":"Busulfan and melphalan versus carboplatin, etoposide, and melphalan as high-dose chemotherapy for high-risk neuroblastoma (HR-NBL1\/SIOPEN): An international, randomised, multi-arm, open-label, phase 3 trial","volume":"18","author":"Ladenstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/s41409-018-0298-y","article-title":"Veno-occlusive disease after high-dose busulfan-melphalan in neuroblastoma","volume":"55","author":"Schechter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2012.05.020","article-title":"Busulfan pharmacokinetics following intravenous and oral dosing regimens in children receiving high-dose myeloablative chemotherapy for high-risk neuroblastoma as part of the HR-NBL-1\/SIOPEN trial","volume":"48","author":"Veal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1089\/ped.2019.0990","article-title":"busulfan-induced Lung Injury in Pediatric Oncology Patients-Review of the Literature with an Illustrative Case","volume":"32","author":"Matijasic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-017-1172-5","article-title":"Hepatic Sinusoidal-obstruction Syndrome and busulfan-induced Lung Injury in a Post-autologous Stem Cell Transplant Recipient","volume":"54","author":"Jain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"650","article-title":"Busulfan lung","volume":"131","author":"Pearl","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.22959","article-title":"Weight-based strategy of dose administration in children using intravenous busulfan: Clinical and pharmacokinetic results","volume":"58","author":"Michel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-103086","article-title":"2017 GPOH Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with Neuroblastic Tumors","volume":"229","author":"Simon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Klin. Padiatr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.72.0177","article-title":"Revisions to the International Neuroblastoma Response Criteria: A Consensus Statement From the National Cancer Institute Clinical Trials Planning Meeting","volume":"35","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000157278.02848.C7","article-title":"The immunological effects of extracorporeal photopheresis unraveled: Induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells in vitro and regulatory T cells in vivo","volume":"79","author":"Lamioni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1097\/MOT.0b013e32832ce943","article-title":"Extracorporeal photopheresis-induced immune tolerance: A focus on modulation of antigen-presenting cells and induction of regulatory T cells by apoptotic cells","volume":"14","author":"Xia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Organ Transplant."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2005.11.009","article-title":"Extracorporeal photopheresis for acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease: Does it work?","volume":"12","author":"Couriel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1908681","article-title":"Nintedanib in Progressive Fibrosing Interstitial Lung Diseases","volume":"381","author":"Flaherty","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1704329","article-title":"Defibrotide in the treatment of children with veno-occlusive disease (VOD): A retrospective multicentre study demonstrates therapeutic efficacy upon early intervention","volume":"33","author":"Corbacioglu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-10-676924","article-title":"Phase 3 trial of defibrotide for the treatment of severe veno-occlusive disease and multi-organ failure","volume":"127","author":"Richardson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(03)00123-0","article-title":"Chemotherapy-induced lung disease","volume":"25","author":"Limper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Chest Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.175.4.1751019","article-title":"Drug-induced lung disease: High-resolution CT findings","volume":"175","author":"Ellis","year":"2000","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Distefano, G., Fanzone, L., Palermo, M., Tiralongo, F., Cosentino, S., In\u00ec, C., Galioto, F., Vancheri, A., Torrisi, S.E., and Mauro, L.A. (2020). HRCT Patterns of Drug-Induced Interstitial Lung Diseases: A Review. Diagnostics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10040244"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-13-39","article-title":"Drug-induced interstitial lung disease: Mechanisms and best diagnostic approaches","volume":"13","author":"Matsuno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1053\/crad.2001.0792","article-title":"Drug-induced lung disease: High-resolution CT and histological findings","volume":"57","author":"Cleverley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"3","article-title":"Busulfan-induced pneumopathy","volume":"4","author":"Massin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Rev. Mal. Respir."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(05)80161-8","article-title":"High-resolution computed tomography of drug-induced lung disease","volume":"46","author":"Padley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2022.100404","article-title":"Drug-induced interstitial lung disease during cancer therapies: Expert opinion on diagnosis and treatment","volume":"7","author":"Conte","year":"2022","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(61)90229-7","article-title":"Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis following busulfan therapy","volume":"31","author":"Oliner","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.00283202","article-title":"Scientific rationale for inhaled combination therapy with long-acting \u03b22-agonists and corticosteroids","volume":"19","author":"Barnes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301727","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01727-2023","article-title":"ERS\/EBMT clinical practice guidelines on treatment of pulmonary chronic graft-versus-host disease in adults","volume":"63","author":"Bos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31824db9da","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of azithromycin involved in treatment and prevention of chronic lung allograft rejection","volume":"94","author":"Vos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70019-0","article-title":"Azithromycin maintenance treatment in patients with frequent exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COLUMBUS): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"2","author":"Uzun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60953-2","article-title":"Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (EMBRACE): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"380","author":"Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2016.12.010","article-title":"Extracorporeal photopheresis for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after allogeneic stem cell transplant: An. emerging therapeutic approach?","volume":"56","author":"Perotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transfus. Apher. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reschke, R., Zimmerlich, S., D\u00f6hring, C., Behre, G., and Ziemer, M. (2022). Effective Extracorporeal Photopheresis of Patients with Transplantation Induced Acute Intestinal GvHD and Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10081887"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The EPI Study Group, Hage, C.A., Klesney-Tait, J., Wille, K., Arcasoy, S., Yung, G., Hertz, M., Chan, K.M., Morrell, M., and Goldberg, H. (2021). Extracorporeal photopheresis to attenuate decline in lung function due to refractory obstructive allograft dysfunction. Transfus. Med., 31, 292\u2013302.","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.12779"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-03-141481","article-title":"A multicenter prospective phase 2 randomized study of extracorporeal photopheresis for treatment of chronic graft-versus-host disease","volume":"112","author":"Flowers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L998","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00304.2017","article-title":"Nintedanib reduces pulmonary fibrosis in a model of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"314","author":"Redente","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900161","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00161-2019","article-title":"Potential of nintedanib in treatment of progressive fibrosing interstitial lung diseases","volume":"54","author":"Wollin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201512","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01512-2022","article-title":"Nintedanib in children and adolescents with fibrosing interstitial lung diseases","volume":"61","author":"Deterding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1704209","article-title":"Intravenous busulfan for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in infants: Clinical and pharmacokinetic results","volume":"32","author":"Dalle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000468","article-title":"Therapeutic drug monitoring of busulfan for the management of pediatric patients: Cross-validation of methods and long-term performance","volume":"40","author":"Choong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e3182a04fc7","article-title":"Association between busulfan exposure and outcome in children receiving intravenous busulfan before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"36","author":"Ansari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3046.7.s3.2.x","article-title":"Plasma pharmacokinetics of high-dose oral busulfan in children and adults undergoing bone marrow transplantation","volume":"7","author":"Bostrom","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2016.322","article-title":"Fludarabine with pharmacokinetically guided IV busulfan is superior to fixed-dose delivery in pretransplant conditioning of AML\/MDS patients","volume":"52","author":"Andersson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2013.11.027","article-title":"Fludarabine and exposure-targeted busulfan compares favorably with busulfan\/cyclophosphamide-based regimens in pediatric hematopoietic cell transplantation: Maintaining efficacy with less toxicity","volume":"20","author":"Bartelink","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e526","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(16)30114-4","article-title":"Association of busulfan exposure with survival and toxicity after haemopoietic cell transplantation in children and young adults: A multicentre, retrospective cohort analysis","volume":"3","author":"Bartelink","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-007-0455-2","article-title":"Prospective validation of a novel IV busulfan fixed dosing for paediatric patients to improve therapeutic AUC targeting without drug monitoring","volume":"61","author":"Vassal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1703615","article-title":"The effect of modulation of glutathione cellular content on busulphan-induced cytotoxicity on hematopoietic cells in vitro and in vivo","volume":"30","author":"Hassan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1159\/000028359","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress and glutathione in busulfan toxicity in cultured murine hepatocytes","volume":"60","author":"DeLeve","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13185","article-title":"Effect of glutathione S-transferase genetic polymorphisms on busulfan pharmacokinetics and veno-occlusive disease in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A meta-analysis","volume":"124","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs.15.98","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of busulfan with GSTA1 polymorphisms in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"16","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90852","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20310","article-title":"GSTA1 diplotypes affect busulfan clearance and toxicity in children undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A multicenter study","volume":"8","author":"Ansari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1067\/mcp.2002.124518","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase A1, the major glutathione S-transferase in human liver: Consequences for enzyme expression and busulfan conjugation","volume":"71","author":"Bredschneider","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mlakar, V., Curtis, P.H., Armengol, M., Ythier, V., Dupanloup, I., Hassine, K.B., Lesne, L., Murr, R., Mlakar, S.J., and Nava, T. (2021). The analysis of GSTA1 promoter genetic and functional diversity of human populations. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83996-2"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/19\/5995\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:09:28Z","timestamp":1760112568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/19\/5995"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13195995"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13195995","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]}}}