{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:18:57Z","timestamp":1787242737837,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish National Science Centre (NCN)","award":["2019\/33\/N\/NZ5\/02815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/33\/N\/NZ5\/02815"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) are a prevalent disorder characterized by rhythmic, involuntary movements of the lower limbs, such as dorsiflexion of the ankle and extension of the big toe, occurring in periodic intervals during sleep. These movements are often linked to disrupted autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity and altered interoception. Interoception involves perceiving internal bodily states, like heartbeat, breathing, hunger, and temperature, and plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and the mind\u2013body connection. This review explores the complex relationships between PLMS, heart rate variability (HRV), ANS dysregulation, and their impact on psychiatric disorders. By synthesizing the existing literature, it provides insights into how ANS dysregulation and altered interoceptive processes, alongside PLMS, contribute to psychiatric conditions. The review highlights the potential for integrated diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and presents a cause-and-effect model illustrating the mutual influence of psychiatric disorders, ANS dysregulation, PLMS, and interoception.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13206129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T07:28:35Z","timestamp":1729495715000},"page":"6129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Heart Rate Variability and Interoception in Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep: Interference with Psychiatric Disorders?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Marta A.","family":"Ma\u0142kiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of Neurophysiology, Neuropsychology and Neuroinformatics, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof S.","family":"Malinowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurophysiology, Neuropsychology and Neuroinformatics, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6533-5774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Grzywi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroinformatics and Artificial Intelligence Lab, Department of Neurophysiology, Neuropsychology and Neuroinformatics, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eemil","family":"Partinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helsinki Sleep Clinic, Terveystalo Healthcare, 00380 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00260 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markku","family":"Partinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helsinki Sleep Clinic, Terveystalo Healthcare, 00380 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Pyrzowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5180-7224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Wsz\u0119dyby\u0142-Winklewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurophysiology, Neuropsychology and Neuroinformatics, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"265","article-title":"Heart rate variability","volume":"20","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. 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