{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:21:42Z","timestamp":1790626902208,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at Northern Border University, Arar, KSA","award":["NBU-FFR-2024-396-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NBU-FFR-2024-396-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are amongst the most commonly prescribed classes of medication. However, inappropriate PPI use can lead to several adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Limited data exist on factors contributing to the risk of ADRs associated with PPI prescribing patterns in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. This retrospective, cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence and the pattern of PPI use and to identify factors contributing to the risk of ADRs. Methods: Data were collected from electronic medical records of patients at Al-Qateef Central Hospital from January 2020 to December 2021. The inclusion criteria included patients aged \u226540 years attending an outpatient medical care clinic. PPI prescribing patterns were categorized based on their dosage intensity into low-dose, medium-dose (MD), and high-dose (HD) categories. Binary and multinominal logistic regression models were used to determine the relationship between PPI prescribing patterns and use, categorized by MD or HD, and patient characteristics, adjusted for significant covariates. Results are presented as adjusted odds ratio (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: The study included 41,084 patients. The prevalence of PPI prescribing was 31%. PPI users were more frequently found to be females than males (52% vs. 50%, p = 0.013); they were also likely to be prescribed more medications (7 vs. 6, p &lt; 0.001), but less likely to have gastritis-related diseases (34% vs. 32%, p &lt; 0.001) compared to non-users. PPI HD users were more likely male (56% vs. 43%, p &lt; 0.001), older (53 vs. 52 years, p &lt; 0.001), and prescribed more medications (11.8 vs. 2.8, p &lt; 0.001) compared to MD users. PPI usage was associated with concurrent use of antiplatelet drugs (OR = 1.08, 95% CI 1.01\u20131.15). An increasing number of prescribed medications was associated with HD usage (OR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.12\u20131.14), but negatively associated with MD usage (OR = 0.7 95% CI 0.69\u20130.71). Female gender was negatively associated with HD usage (OR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.79\u20130.91). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that 31% of the included cohort were prescribed PPI. Inappropriate PPI prescribing related to the drug\u2019s omission is a concern as PPI non-users presented with valid indications such as gastritis. Male gender and increasing NPM were the common factors contributing to increased risk of PPI ADR. This study points to the importance of re-evaluating PPI use to ensure effective therapy with minimum risks of ADR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13206187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T09:14:03Z","timestamp":1729156443000},"page":"6187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pattern of Prescribing Proton Pump Inhibitors: Evaluating Appropriateness and Factors Contributing to Their Adverse Effect Reaction Risk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4284-0265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aymen A.","family":"Alqurain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9258-9118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed F.","family":"Alomar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shatha","family":"Fakhreddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahrah","family":"Julayh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Korikeesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samaher","family":"Al-Shaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afnan","family":"Alshnbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6970-2858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alaa","family":"Al Helaili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation Year Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luma","family":"Ameer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manal","family":"Surour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4423-0126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherihan","family":"Ghosn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dania","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bader","family":"AlAlwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0788-6919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fadhel A.","family":"Alomar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4165-8362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keshore R.","family":"Bidasee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"},{"name":"Nebraska Redox Biology Center, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s29","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.20-2-s29","article-title":"Prevalence, indication and duration of proton pump inhibitor use in patients from unselected admissions","volume":"20","author":"Hameed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. 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