{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:30:33Z","timestamp":1760146233652,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Emory CFAR","award":["P30AI050409","P30 AI050409","K12HD085850"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI050409","P30 AI050409","K12HD085850"]}]},{"name":"NIH BIRCWH","award":["P30AI050409","P30 AI050409","K12HD085850"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI050409","P30 AI050409","K12HD085850"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Inflammation is a significant contributor to cardiovascular disease (CVD) in people with HIV (PWH), who face twice the risk of CVD compared to the general population. The presence of co-existing rheumatic disease (RD) may further exacerbate inflammation and increase the incidence of CVD events in this population. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using electronic health record (EHR) data from the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Atlanta, covering the period from 2000 to 2019. A total of 5000 patients aged 20\u201387 years who were diagnosed with HIV and receiving care at the Atlanta VAMC between 2000 and 2019 were eligible for this analysis. This study included 3930 veterans with HIV and assessed the impact of rheumatic disease therapies (RDTs) on CVD outcomes. The primary outcome was the first occurrence of a CVD event. Results: Rheumatic disease was significantly associated with an increased risk of CVD events (OR = 2.67; p &lt; 0.001). Additionally, exposure to multiple RDTs (aHR = 2.121, p = 0.047), NSAIDs (aHR = 1.694, p = 0.003), glucocorticoids (aHR = 2.332, p &lt; 0.0001), and hypouricemic agents and colchicine (aHR = 3.445, p &lt; 0.0001) were all significantly associated with increased CVD events. Conclusions: The co-existence of HIV infection and rheumatic disease, along with the use of RDTs, may amplify the risk of CVD events in PWH. These findings underscore the need for further investigation into the relationship between RD, RDTs, and CVD risk in larger, controlled studies, given the potential implications for treatment decisions in this patient population. A limitation of our study is that due to its retrospective design, we could not examine the impact of the sequential use of RDT groups and RD severity on CVD events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13206209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T06:46:52Z","timestamp":1729234012000},"page":"6209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Association Between Rheumatic Disease Therapies and Cardiovascular Outcomes in People with HIV\u2014A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6881-2764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boghuma K.","family":"Titanji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shumpei","family":"Nagatomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia W.","family":"Gallini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangqin","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer S.","family":"Hanberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven VA Medical Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8409-4689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent C.","family":"Marconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"},{"name":"Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"},{"name":"Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30317, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.19775","article-title":"Comorbidities in Persons With HIV: The Lingering Challenge","volume":"323","author":"Lerner","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e014873","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.014873","article-title":"Targeting Inflammation to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in People With HIV Infection","volume":"9","author":"Titanji","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4092","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa659","article-title":"Time-to-treatment initiation of colchicine and cardiovascular outcomes after myocardial infarction in the Colchicine Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial (COLCOT)","volume":"41","author":"Bouabdallaoui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021372","article-title":"Colchicine in Patients with Chronic Coronary Disease","volume":"383","author":"Nidorf","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.2174\/1871523011312010004","article-title":"Colchicine: An old wine in a new bottle?","volume":"12","author":"Roubille","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antiinflamm. Antiallergy Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.051240","article-title":"Colchicine for Secondary Cardiovascular Prevention in Coronary Disease","volume":"142","author":"Roubille","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1912388","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Low-Dose Colchicine after Myocardial Infarction","volume":"381","author":"Tardif","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2147\/OARRR.S87312","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis in patients with HIV: Management challenges","volume":"8","author":"Carroll","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Access Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41802","article-title":"Incident Rheumatoid Arthritis in HIV Infection: Epidemiology and Treatment","volume":"73","author":"Hanberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/20\/6209\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:15:50Z","timestamp":1760112950000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/20\/6209"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13206209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13206209","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]}}}