{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:16:09Z","timestamp":1790727369533,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Natriuretic peptides (NPs) are polypeptide hormones involved in the homeostasis of the cardiovascular system. They are produced by cardiomyocytes and regulate circulating blood volume and sodium concentration. Clinically, measurements of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP) are recommended by international guidelines as evidence is accumulating on their usefulness. They have a high negative predictive value, and in the setting of low NPs, a diagnosis of heart failure (HF) can be safely excluded in both emergency (BNP &lt; 100 pg\/mL, NT-proBNP &lt; 300 pg\/mL) and outpatient settings (BNP &lt; 35 pg\/mL and NT-proBNP &lt; 125 pg\/mL). Moreover, the 2023 consensus from the European Society of Cardiology suggests threshold values for inclusion diagnosis. These values are also associated with increased risks of major cardiovascular events, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality whether measured in inpatient or outpatient settings. Among patients without known HF, but at high risk of developing it (e.g., in the setting of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease), NPs may be useful in stratifying cardiovascular risk, optimizing therapy, and reducing the risk of developing overt HF. In the diabetes setting, risk stratification with the use of these peptides can guide the physician to a more informed and appropriate therapeutic choice as recommended by guidelines. Notably, NP levels should be carefully interpreted in light of certain conditions that may affect their reliability, such as chronic kidney disease and obesity, as well as demographic variables, including age and sex. In conclusion, NPs are useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of HF, but they also offer advantages in the primary prevention setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13206225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T06:46:52Z","timestamp":1729234012000},"page":"6225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Role of Natriuretic Peptides in the Management of Heart Failure with a Focus on the Patient with Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Michela","family":"Vergani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Rehabilitation, Policlinico di Monza, Via Modigliani 10, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Cannistraci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Rehabilitation, Policlinico di Monza, Via Modigliani 10, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3024-0457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Perseghin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Rehabilitation, Policlinico di Monza, Via Modigliani 10, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2422-3041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Ciardullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Rehabilitation, Policlinico di Monza, Via Modigliani 10, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.23.1.151","article-title":"Specific granules in atrial muscle cells","volume":"23","author":"Jamieson","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Della Corte, V., Pacinella, G., Todaro, F., Pecoraro, R., and Tuttolomondo, A. (2023). The Natriuretic Peptide System: A Single Entity, Pleiotropic Effects. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119642"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2005.10.007","article-title":"The endocrine function of the heart","volume":"16","author":"McGrath","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2002.129","article-title":"Pathophysiological and clinical relevance of circulating levels of cardiac natriuretic hormones: Are they merely markers of cardiac disease?","volume":"40","author":"Clerico","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2007.05.025","article-title":"Stability of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in whole blood and plasma stored under different conditions when measured with the Biosite Triage or Beckman-Coulter Access systems","volume":"384","author":"Christenson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.36.3.355","article-title":"Deconvolution Analysis of Cardiac Natriuretic Peptides during Acute Volume Overload","volume":"36","author":"Pemberton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.12.051","article-title":"Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Levels in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure","volume":"51","author":"Waldo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure","volume":"42","author":"McDonagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"e876","article-title":"2022 AHA\/ACC\/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"145","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfp206","article-title":"The predictive value of stable precursor fragments of vasoactive peptides in patients with chronic heart failure: Data from the GISSI-heart failure (GISSI-HF) trial","volume":"12","author":"Masson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.02.025","article-title":"Mid-region pro-hormone markers for diagnosis and prognosis in acute dyspnea: Results from the BACH (Biomarkers in Acute Heart Failure) trial","volume":"55","author":"Maisel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3036","article-title":"Practical algorithms for early diagnosis of heart failure and heart stress using NT-proBNP: A clinical consensus statement from the Heart Failure Association of the ESC","volume":"25","author":"Docherty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0502.103010","article-title":"Utility of B-natriuretic peptide in detecting diastolic dysfunction: Comparison with Doppler velocity recordings","volume":"105","author":"Lubien","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1067\/mhj.2001.113215","article-title":"Utility of B-natriuretic peptide as a rapid, point-of-care test for screening patients undergoing echocardiography to determine left ventricular dysfunction","volume":"141","author":"Maisel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(01)00841-5","article-title":"Utility of B-natriuretic peptide levels in identifying patients with left ventricular systolic or diastolic dysfunction","volume":"111","author":"Krishnaswamy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.02.037","article-title":"Admission B-type natriuretic peptide levels and in-hospital mortality in acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"49","author":"Fonarow","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi811","article-title":"NT-proBNP levels, echocardiographic findings, and outcomes in breathless patients: Results from the ProBNP Investigation of Dyspnoea in the Emergency Department (PRIDE) echocardiographic substudy","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi631","article-title":"NT-proBNP testing for diagnosis and short-term prognosis in acute destabilized heart failure: An international pooled analysis of 1256 patients: The International Collaborative of NT-proBNP Study","volume":"27","author":"Januzzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000144310.04433.BE","article-title":"N-Terminal-Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Predicts Outcome After Hospital Discharge in Heart Failure Patients","volume":"110","author":"Bettencourt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-9842(03)00098-9","article-title":"Pre-discharge, but not admission, levels of NT-proBNP predict adverse prognosis following acute LVF","volume":"5","author":"Squire","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000806","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.000806","article-title":"B-type natriuretic peptide predicts 30-day readmission for heart failure but not readmission for other causes","volume":"3","author":"Flint","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.09.044","article-title":"Predischarge B-type natriuretic peptide assay for identifying patients at high risk of re-admission after decompensated heart failure","volume":"43","author":"Logeart","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.10565","article-title":"Effect of Natriuretic Peptide\u2013Guided Therapy on Hospitalization or Cardiovascular Mortality in High-Risk Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"318","author":"Felker","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000054164.99881.00","article-title":"Changes in Brain Natriuretic Peptide and Norepinephrine Over Time and Mortality and Morbidity in the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT)","volume":"107","author":"Anand","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.11.059","article-title":"B-type natriuretic peptide and peak exercise oxygen consumption provide independent information for risk stratification in patients with stable congestive heart failure","volume":"43","author":"Dagorn","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01672-2","article-title":"Role of brain natriuretic peptide in risk stratification of patients with congestive heart failure","volume":"38","author":"Koglin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.330.7492.625","article-title":"How well does B-type natriuretic peptide predict death and cardiac events in patients with heart failure: Systematic review","volume":"330","author":"Doust","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000143059.68996.A7","article-title":"Prognostic impact of plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in severe chronic congestive heart failure: A substudy of the Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival (COPERNICUS) trial","volume":"110","author":"Hartmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.2.509","article-title":"Attenuation of compensation of endogenous cardiac natriuretic peptide system in chronic heart failure: Prognostic role of plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentration in patients with chronic symptomatic left ventricular dysfunction","volume":"96","author":"Tsutamoto","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)00912-8","article-title":"High levels of plasma brain natriuretic peptide and interleukin-6 after optimized treatment for heart failure are independent risk factors for morbidity and mortality in patients with congestive heart failure","volume":"36","author":"Maeda","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.02.058","article-title":"Lowered B-type natriuretic peptide in response to levosimendan or dobutamine treatment is associated with improved survival in patients with severe acutely decompensated heart failure","volume":"53","author":"Logeart","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2005.04.006","article-title":"NT-ProBNP reduction percentage during admission for acutely decompensated heart failure predicts long-term cardiovascular mortality","volume":"11","author":"Lopez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.08.2184","article-title":"Economic and Quality-of-Life Outcomes of Natriuretic Peptide\u2013Guided Therapy for Heart Failure","volume":"72","author":"Mark","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.06.055","article-title":"Natriuretic Peptide Response and Outcomes in Chronic Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction","volume":"74","author":"Januzzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02060-2","article-title":"Treatment of heart failure guided by plasma aminoterminal brain natriuretic peptide (N-BNP) concentrations","volume":"355","author":"Troughton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.08.078","article-title":"N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide-guided, intensive patient management in addition to multidisciplinary care in chronic heart failure a 3-arm, prospective, randomized pilot study","volume":"55","author":"Berger","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.10.081","article-title":"Plasma brain natriuretic peptide-guided therapy to improve outcome in heart failure: The STARS-BNP Multicenter Study","volume":"49","author":"Jourdain","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.02.095","article-title":"N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide-guided treatment for chronic heart failure: Results from the BATTLESCARRED (NT-proBNP-Assisted Treatment to Lessen Serial Cardiac Readmissions and Death) trial","volume":"55","author":"Lainchbury","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.35","article-title":"B-Type Natriuretic Peptide\u2013Guided Heart Failure Therapy: A Meta-analysis","volume":"170","author":"Porapakkham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu090","article-title":"Effect of B-type natriuretic peptide-guided treatment of chronic heart failure on total mortality and hospitalization: An individual patient meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Troughton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.143313","article-title":"Amino-terminal Pro-B-type natriuretic peptide improves cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk prediction in the population: The rotterdam study","volume":"55","author":"Rutten","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.7588","article-title":"Natriuretic Peptide\u2013Based Screening and Collaborative Care for Heart Failure: The STOP-HF Randomized Trial","volume":"310","author":"Ledwidge","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.13.1609","article-title":"N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide, C-Reactive Protein, and Urinary Albumin Levels as Predictors of Mortality and Cardiovascular Events in Older Adults","volume":"293","author":"Kistorp","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl448","article-title":"N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, but not high sensitivity C-reactive protein, improves cardiovascular risk prediction in the general population","volume":"28","author":"Olsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.11.019","article-title":"Implications of underlying mechanisms for the recognition and management of diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"71","author":"Marwick","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2019, April 18). MAGGIC Heart Failure Risk Calculator. Available online: http:\/\/www.heartfailurerisk.org."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e294","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000691","article-title":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Heart Failure: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and the Heart Failure Society of America: This statement does not represent an update of the 2017 ACC\/AHA\/HFSA heart failure guideline update","volume":"140","author":"Dunlay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60484-9","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: A collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies","volume":"375","author":"Sarwar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2022.02.037","article-title":"Twenty-year trends in heart failure among U.S. adults, 1999\u20132018: The growing impact of obesity and diabetes","volume":"362","author":"Ciardullo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.2337\/dci22-0014","article-title":"Heart Failure: An Underappreciated Complication of Diabetes. A Consensus Report of the American Diabetes Association","volume":"45","author":"Januzzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.03.022","article-title":"Risk stratification tools for heart failure in the diabetes clinic","volume":"30","author":"Cannistraci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-021-01221-w","article-title":"Performance of the recommended ESC\/EASD cardiovascular risk stratification model in comparison to SCORE and NT-proBNP as a single biomarker for risk prediction in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"20","author":"Resl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.01.025","article-title":"N-terminal Pro B-type Natriuretic Peptide and High-sensitivity Cardiac Troponin as Markers for Heart Failure and Cardiovascular Disease Risks According to Glucose Status (from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis [MESA])","volume":"125","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01671-w","article-title":"NT-ProBNP and mortality across the spectrum of glucose tolerance in the general US population","volume":"21","author":"Ciardullo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.05.069","article-title":"PONTIAC (NT-proBNP Selected PreventiOn of cardiac eveNts in a populaTion of dIabetic patients without A history of Cardiac disease): A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"62","author":"Huelsmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.11.011","article-title":"Liver fibrosis, NT-ProBNP and mortality in patients with MASLD: A population-based cohort study","volume":"34","author":"Ciardullo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-020-10024-2","article-title":"Renal protection: A leading mechanism for cardiovascular benefit in patients treated with SGLT2 inhibitors","volume":"26","author":"Margonato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciardullo, S., Cannistraci, R., and Perseghin, G. (2020). Il paziente con scompenso cardiaco nell\u2019ambulatorio di diabetologia. Il Diabete, 32.","DOI":"10.30682\/ildia2001c"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S140","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-S009","article-title":"9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Care in Diabetes\u20142023","volume":"46","author":"Elsayed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad613","article-title":"2023 Focused Update of the 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: Developed by the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC","volume":"45","author":"McDonagh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.042929","article-title":"Dapagliflozin Effects on Biomarkers, Symptoms, and Functional Status in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: The DEFINE-HF Trial","volume":"140","author":"Nassif","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.07.046","article-title":"Prognostic Importance of NT-proBNP and Effect of Empagliflozin in the EMPEROR-Reduced Trial","volume":"78","author":"Januzzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50118","article-title":"B-type natriuretic peptide and renal function in the diagnosis of heart failure: An analysis from the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study","volume":"41","author":"McCullough","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.08.051","article-title":"Renal function, congestive heart failure, and amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide measurement: Results from the ProBNP Investigation of Dyspnea in the Emergency Department (PRIDE) Study","volume":"47","author":"Anwaruddin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(04)00812-1","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic value of plasma brain natriuretic peptide in non-dialysis dependent CRF","volume":"44","author":"Takami","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.08.050","article-title":"B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Levels in Obese Patients with Advanced Heart Failure","volume":"47","author":"Horwich","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1812851","article-title":"Angiotensin\u2013Neprilysin Inhibition in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure","volume":"380","author":"Velazquez","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.013748","article-title":"Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibition compared with enalapril on the risk of clinical progression in surviving patients with heart failure","volume":"131","author":"Packer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2964","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000106903.98196.B6","article-title":"Plasma B-type natriuretic peptide levels in ambulatory patients with established chronic symptomatic systolic heart failure","volume":"108","author":"Tang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-007-6007-5","article-title":"Genetic variation in the B-type natriuretic peptide pathway affects BNP levels","volume":"21","author":"Lanfear","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31819c7496","article-title":"Natriuretic peptide system gene variants are associated with ventricular dysfunction after cor- onary artery bypass grafting","volume":"110","author":"Fox","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2011.01.010","article-title":"Association of genetic variation in the natriuretic peptide system with cardiovascular outcomes","volume":"50","author":"Ellis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp169","article-title":"The T-381C SNP in BNP gene may be modestly associated with type 2 diabetes: An updated meta-analysis in 49 279 subjects","volume":"18","author":"Choquet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfister, R., Sharp, S., Luben, R., Welsh, P., Barroso, I., Salomaa, V., Meirhaeghe, A., Khaw, K.-T., Sattar, N., and Langenberg, C. (2011). Mendelian randomization study of B-type natriuretic peptide and type 2 diabetes: Evidence of causal association from population studies. PLoS Med., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001112"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.328","article-title":"Association of common variants in NPPA and NPPB with circulating natriuretic peptides and blood pressure","volume":"41","author":"Larson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-008-9113-y","article-title":"Genetic variation in the natriuretic peptide system and heart failure","volume":"15","author":"Lanfear","year":"2010","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-017-0365-5","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics of the Natriuretic Peptide System in Heart Failure","volume":"14","author":"Abuzaanona","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Heart Fail. Rep."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2006.08.021","article-title":"Serial testing of B-type natriuretic peptide and NTpro-BNP for monitoring therapy of heart failure: The role of biologic variation in the interpretation of results","volume":"152","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2006.063","article-title":"Clinical relevance of biological variation: The lesson of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and NT-proBNP assay","volume":"44","author":"Clerico","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/20\/6225\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:16:10Z","timestamp":1760112970000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/20\/6225"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13206225"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13206225","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]}}}